1. The Dynamic Earth Ch. 3

2. Sect. 1 Objectives Describe the composition and structure of the Earth. Describe the Earth’s tectonic plates. Explain the main cause of earthquakes and their effects. Identify the relationship between volcanic eruptions and climate change. Describe how wind and water alter the Earth’s surface.

3. Earths Layers Geosphere (rock) Atmosphere (air) Hydrosphere (water) Biosphere (living things)

4. The Earth Below Us The Crust (dense) composed of light elements Only 1% of Earth’s mass Thinnest layer The Mantle (denser) 64% of Earth’s mass Made of rock The Core (most dense) Composed of very dense material

5. Plate Tectonics Lithosphere – Earth’s outer most layer and contains the tectonic plates Asthenosphere – layer directly below the lithosphere, contains slow moving rocks Tectonic Plates are in the lithosphere and move because of the moving rocks in the asthenosphere

6. Plate Tectonics

7. There is a lot of activity at the boundaries of tectonic plates Colliding – Convergent Boundary Sliding – Transform Boundary Moving away – Divergent Boundary This causes many natural phenomena to occur Mountains (colliding) Earthquakes (slipping or sliding) Volcanoes (colliding or separating) Plate Tectonics

8. Mountains Made by plates: CollidingSlipping Pulling apart Example: Himalaya Mountains Eurasian Plate and Indian Plate collided Indian Plate collided

9. Earthquakes Fault – break in the Earth’s crust where large pieces slide next to each other – tectonic plate boundaries Causes Tectonic plates slipping, causes vibrations Magnitude – the measure of the energy released by an earthquake

10. Volcanoes a mountain built from magma Magma - melted rock that rises from the interior of the earth to the surface Global effects: Can change earths climate for years Reduce the amount of sunlight reaching earth Drop in global temperature

11. Erosion the removal and transport of surface material Wears down rocks and makes them smoother Rocky Mountains vs. Appalachian Mountains Water erosion Example? Wind erosion Example?

13. Class work Section 1 Review Pg. 70 Questions 1-6 Complete Sentences!!!

14. Sect. 2 Objectives Describe the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere. Describe the layers of the Earth’s atmosphere. Explain three mechanisms of heat transfer in Earth’s atmosphere. Explain the greenhouse effect.

15. The Atmosphere a mixture of gases that surround the Earth Nitrogen – 78% Oxygen - 21% Carbon Dioxide, argon, methane, water vapor – 1%

16. Aerosols dust in the atmosphere, any small bits floating in the air SaltAshSkinHairPollenBacteriaViruses

17. Atmospheric Layers ThermosphereMesosphereStratosphereOzoneTroposphere

18. Troposphere Closest to the Earth Almost all weather occurs here Densest layer, most pressure Temperature decreases as Altitude increases

19. Stratosphere Above the Troposphere Temp. increase as altitude increases Includes the Ozone layer Reduces UV radiation that reaches the Earth

20. Mesosphere Above the Stratosphere Lowest temperatures in the Atmosphere

21. Thermosphere Farthest from the Earths surface Hottest layer! Because Nitrogen and Oxygen absorb solar radiation. Over 2000 o C Would not feel hot to us. Why? Aurora Borealis happens here!

22. Energy In the Atmosphere Radiation – transfer of energy across space Ex: Energy from the sun Convection – transfer of heat by air currents Ex: wind Conduction – transfer of heat when object are touching Ex: Pot on a stove

23. Energy In the Atmosphere

24. Greenhouse Effect Sunlight enters Earth’s atmosphere Earth’s surface radiates heat back to the atmosphere Some heat escapes Some heat is trapped by Greenhouse Gases Ex: water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide Trapped heat radiated back to Earth’s surface, warming the air. Without this Earth would be too cold to live on However, too many greenhouse gases can trap too much heat.

26. Class work Section 2 Review Pg. 76 Questions: 1-5

27. Sect. 3 Objectives Name the three major processes in the water cycle. Describe the properties of ocean water. Describe the two types of ocean currents. Explain how the ocean regulates Earth’s temperature. Discuss the factors that confine life to the biosphere. Explain the difference between open and closed systems.

28. Water Cycle the continuous movement of water on the Earth Evaporation – water heated by the sun rises into the atmosphere Condensation – water in the atmosphere cools and forms water droplets on dust particles Precipitation – larger water droplets fall from clouds Snow, sleet, hail, rain Transpiration – water that evaporates from plants

30. Rock Cycle

31. World Ocean all the oceans in the world are actually one large ocean Pacific Ocean – Largest Deepest part of the ocean – Challenger Deep at the bottom of the Mariana Trench Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean – smallest Covered with floating ice

32. The World Temperature Regulator The Oceans!!!! Absorbs and stores energy from the sun, this helps regulate the temperature on Earth. Releases heat slowly when it is cold Absorbs heat when it is hot Milder temperatures occur by large bodies of water

33. Ocean Currents Can regulate the temperature in areas Ex: The Gulf Stream effects the British Isle climate

34. Class work Section 3 Review Pg. 85 Questions: 1,3,4,5