1. Lecture Four: Party State and Politics in China

5. Country Bio: China

7. Politics In China  Mao Zedong  1949 Communist: People’s Republic of China  Until death in 1976, moving agrarian people to modernization, prosperity, communist utopia  New Economic Pragmatism  Retreat from government’s administration of economy  Tolerates no challenge to Communist Party’s monopoly  Institutionalization in China  Promote more transparency, stability, responsiveness  Mao Zedong  1949 Communist: People’s Republic of China  Until death in 1976, moving agrarian people to modernization, prosperity, communist utopia  New Economic Pragmatism  Retreat from government’s administration of economy  Tolerates no challenge to Communist Party’s monopoly  Institutionalization in China  Promote more transparency, stability, responsiveness

8. Current Policy Challenges  Fostering economic growth and material life  Economy has grown at rate of 10 percent per year since 1980  Economic success has not been costless  Corruption  Rural land reform  Growing wealth gap  Abandoned strictures of communist ideology  Opened up political processes to most diversified inputs  Suppressed challenges to Communist Party  Fostering economic growth and material life  Economy has grown at rate of 10 percent per year since 1980  Economic success has not been costless  Corruption  Rural land reform  Growing wealth gap  Abandoned strictures of communist ideology  Opened up political processes to most diversified inputs  Suppressed challenges to Communist Party

9. Historical Setting  Confusianism: Conservative philosophy, hierarchy of harmonious relationships  Imperial order to Founding of PRC  Nationalist Party  Chinese Communist Party  History of PRC  Learning from Soviet Union  Great Leap Forward, Maoist  Retreat from the Leap  Cultural Revolution  Confusianism: Conservative philosophy, hierarchy of harmonious relationships  Imperial order to Founding of PRC  Nationalist Party  Chinese Communist Party  History of PRC  Learning from Soviet Union  Great Leap Forward, Maoist  Retreat from the Leap  Cultural Revolution

10. Social Conditions  Huge population  Most live in countryside  Rural collective industry is dynamic industrial sector  Geography  Population concentrated in eastern third  Only ¼ of land is arable  Multiethnic state  92 percent of Chinese are ethnically Han  55 recognized ethnic minorities  Language  Chinese share same written language, unifying  Huge population  Most live in countryside  Rural collective industry is dynamic industrial sector  Geography  Population concentrated in eastern third  Only ¼ of land is arable  Multiethnic state  92 percent of Chinese are ethnically Han  55 recognized ethnic minorities  Language  Chinese share same written language, unifying Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

11. Structure of the Party State  Design Features  Guardianship  Describes main relationship between Communist Party and society  Party Organization  Democratic centralism – Leninist principle  Refers to consultation: opportunities for discussion, criticism, proposals  Two Hierarchies, with Party Leadership  Division of labor between party and government structures  Design Features  Guardianship  Describes main relationship between Communist Party and society  Party Organization  Democratic centralism – Leninist principle  Refers to consultation: opportunities for discussion, criticism, proposals  Two Hierarchies, with Party Leadership  Division of labor between party and government structures

12. Structure of the Party State Government Structures  National People’s Congress (NPC) – legislature  Elected for 5-year terms by delegates in provincial congresses and armed forces  Assemble annually for a plenary session of 2 weeks  Extensive powers: amendment of constitution, passage and amendment of legislation, approval of economic plans  Too large, meets infrequently,  Lawmaking role of less cumbersome NPC Standing Committee gaining Government Structures  National People’s Congress (NPC) – legislature  Elected for 5-year terms by delegates in provincial congresses and armed forces  Assemble annually for a plenary session of 2 weeks  Extensive powers: amendment of constitution, passage and amendment of legislation, approval of economic plans  Too large, meets infrequently,  Lawmaking role of less cumbersome NPC Standing Committee gaining

14. Structure of the Party State  State Council: Premier, cabinet of vice-premiers, state councillors, ministers, auditor general, secretary general  Standing Committee, meets twice weekly  Legislation drafted by specialized ministries under direction of cabinet  President, Head of State: ceremonial office  Communist Party Leadership: Party leaders have veto power over legislation  Judiciary: Supreme People’s Court  Supreme People’s Procuratorate  State Council: Premier, cabinet of vice-premiers, state councillors, ministers, auditor general, secretary general  Standing Committee, meets twice weekly  Legislation drafted by specialized ministries under direction of cabinet  President, Head of State: ceremonial office  Communist Party Leadership: Party leaders have veto power over legislation  Judiciary: Supreme People’s Court  Supreme People’s Procuratorate Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

15. Structure of the Party State  Party Structures  National Party Congress  Central Committee  Exercises powers of congress between sessions  Chinese political elites  Politburo  Politburo Standing Committee  Top Leader and Succession Problem  Party Bureaucracy  Party Structures  National Party Congress  Central Committee  Exercises powers of congress between sessions  Chinese political elites  Politburo  Politburo Standing Committee  Top Leader and Succession Problem  Party Bureaucracy

18. Sickle & Hammer: Symbol of CP

24. Structure of the Party State  Party Dominance  Nomenklatura System: mechanism by which Communist Party exerts control over officials  Party Membership  Party Core Groups  Overlapping Directorships  Elite Recruitment  Rule by Law  Socialist Legality  Legal Reform  Criticism of Legal Practices  Party Dominance  Nomenklatura System: mechanism by which Communist Party exerts control over officials  Party Membership  Party Core Groups  Overlapping Directorships  Elite Recruitment  Rule by Law  Socialist Legality  Legal Reform  Criticism of Legal Practices

25. Mao Zedong

26. Deng Xiaoping

27. Jiang Zemin

28. Hu Jintao

30. Wen Jiabao

31. Political Socialization  Mass Media  Citizens exposed to news, opinions, public affairs  Hong Kong: free, critical mass media  Leaders shut down publications that go too far  Internet: tens/thousands cyber police block foreign news  Education System  Past: ideological, persecution of scholars  Today: respect for expertise  Mass Media  Citizens exposed to news, opinions, public affairs  Hong Kong: free, critical mass media  Leaders shut down publications that go too far  Internet: tens/thousands cyber police block foreign news  Education System  Past: ideological, persecution of scholars  Today: respect for expertise

32. Political Culture  Radicalism to reform, opening to world  Political Knowledge  Not uniformly distributed  More knowledge, interest found in men, highly educated, higher incomes  Political Values  Reject democratic values  Influence of non-Chinese evident  Impact of socioeconomic development: urban more supportive of democratic values  Radicalism to reform, opening to world  Political Knowledge  Not uniformly distributed  More knowledge, interest found in men, highly educated, higher incomes  Political Values  Reject democratic values  Influence of non-Chinese evident  Impact of socioeconomic development: urban more supportive of democratic values

34. Political Participation  Changes in the Rules  Political participation was required, now optional  Mao: mass mobilization campaign  Rejection of mass mobilization as dominant mode of political participation  Local Congress Elections  Village Committees: autonomous self- government  Unacceptable Political Participation: increasing  Protestors and Reformers  Changes in the Rules  Political participation was required, now optional  Mao: mass mobilization campaign  Rejection of mass mobilization as dominant mode of political participation  Local Congress Elections  Village Committees: autonomous self- government  Unacceptable Political Participation: increasing  Protestors and Reformers

36. Interest Articulation and Aggregation  Organizations Under Party Leadership  Satellite parties  Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference  Important mass organizations  NGOs: Nongovernmental organizations  Most active in environmental issues  GONGOs: Government-organized NGOs  Front operations for government agencies  Take advantage of interest of foreign governments, international NGOs to support civil society  Business associations set up to organize firms  Organizations Under Party Leadership  Satellite parties  Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference  Important mass organizations  NGOs: Nongovernmental organizations  Most active in environmental issues  GONGOs: Government-organized NGOs  Front operations for government agencies  Take advantage of interest of foreign governments, international NGOs to support civil society  Business associations set up to organize firms

37. Policymaking and Implementation  Policymaking: 3 tiers  Politburo and its Standing Committee  Leading small groups (LSGs)  Relevant party departments and government ministries  From agenda setting to implementing regulation  5 stages: agenda setting, interagency review, Politburo approval, NPC review, debate, passage  Policy implementation  Monitoring  Policy Priorities  Adapting Policy to Local Conditions  Corruption  Policymaking: 3 tiers  Politburo and its Standing Committee  Leading small groups (LSGs)  Relevant party departments and government ministries  From agenda setting to implementing regulation  5 stages: agenda setting, interagency review, Politburo approval, NPC review, debate, passage  Policy implementation  Monitoring  Policy Priorities  Adapting Policy to Local Conditions  Corruption

40. Policy Performance  Economic Growth  Opening to foreign trade, investment  Decentralization  Reform of State Owned Enterprises (SOE)  Environmental Degradation  Economic growth = serious environmental damage  Health, productivity costs  EPBs: local environmental protection bureaus  State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA)  Population Control: one-child family policy  Policy implementation: incentives used to encourage one child policy  Perverse outcomes: shortage of girls  Economic Growth  Opening to foreign trade, investment  Decentralization  Reform of State Owned Enterprises (SOE)  Environmental Degradation  Economic growth = serious environmental damage  Health, productivity costs  EPBs: local environmental protection bureaus  State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA)  Population Control: one-child family policy  Policy implementation: incentives used to encourage one child policy  Perverse outcomes: shortage of girls Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

43. Hong Kong  1842, 1860: island of Hong Kong, adjacent territory ceded by treaty to British in perpetuity  Result of wars fought to impose trade on China  Communists: “one country, two systems” applicable to Hong Kong  Hong Kong reverted to Chinese in 1997  Continues to enjoy autonomy  Authorities hope outcome will woo Taiwan back  1842, 1860: island of Hong Kong, adjacent territory ceded by treaty to British in perpetuity  Result of wars fought to impose trade on China  Communists: “one country, two systems” applicable to Hong Kong  Hong Kong reverted to Chinese in 1997  Continues to enjoy autonomy  Authorities hope outcome will woo Taiwan back

44. China and the World  1949-1979: Ally of Soviet Union – until split 1960  Relationship with US defined by Taiwan  1979 US recognized China  Seat on UN Security Council  Will not reign in North Korea  Today: powerful, confident, international player  1949-1979: Ally of Soviet Union – until split 1960  Relationship with US defined by Taiwan  1979 US recognized China  Seat on UN Security Council  Will not reign in North Korea  Today: powerful, confident, international player

45. China’s Political Future  Dramatic changes in economy, polity, society  Will democratization reach China?  Authoritarianism has not survived intact with economic modernization in many East Asian countries.  Communist Party will continue to transform China, transform itself in order to continue rule  Dramatic changes in economy, polity, society  Will democratization reach China?  Authoritarianism has not survived intact with economic modernization in many East Asian countries.  Communist Party will continue to transform China, transform itself in order to continue rule

46. The New Standing Committee of CPCCC, Nov. 2012

47. Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang