1. Towards Scalable Emergent Literacy Interventions: The Role of Context Anita S. McGinty University of Virginia Fourth Annual IES Research Conference Washington, D.C. June 9, 2009

2. Acknowledgements Pre-doctoral Training Fellow from the Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education (Grant R305B040049 to University of Virginia) Grant DC04933, National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders Thank you to the participating teachers, families, and children. A special thanks to my dissertation committee Laura Justice (advisor), Sara Rimm-Kaufman, Marcia Invernizzi, and Xitao Fan.

3. The Problem -67% of fourth-grade children do not read at proficient level - 33% of fourth-grade children cannot read at even a basic level (NAEP, 2007)

4. Not Eligible for F/R LunchEligible for F/R Lunch The Inequality of the Problem

5. Malleable Factors: Emergent Literacy Comprehension Word Decoding Spelling Writing Phonological Awareness Print Knowledge Oral language Emergent Literacy Skills Conventional Literacy Skills

6. Interventions -Proliferation of commercially available emergent literacy instructional tools -Few have evidence of efficacy or effectiveness - “Mixed results” across efficacy studies question robustness of interventions

7. Developing Effective Interventions Observations Design/ Feasibility Efficacy Effectiveness/ Scale-Up 23% 3% 9% 53% IES Funded Projects

8. Developing Effective Interventions Observations Design/ Feasibility Efficacy Effectiveness/ Scale-Up Are there malleable factors that could be the target of intervention? What does intervention look like? How potent was the change under specified, controlled conditions? How robust was the change under real- world conditions?

9. Scalable Solutions “Scale-up is not a euphemism for the uncritical diffusion of interventions …. To the contrary, scale-up research is doomed to fail if practitioners and policymakers expect it to generate absolute solutions … A context-based approach to scale-up research provides the evidence that educators need to select the interventions that are most likely to work in specific settings.” (McDonald, 2006, p. 21)

10. Contextualizing What Works Observations Design/ Feasibility Efficacy Effectiveness/ Scale-Up Are there malleable factors that could be the target of intervention? What does intervention look like? How potent was the change under specified, controlled conditions? How robust was the change under real- world conditions? Do these factors vary by child or context? Is it specifically suited for certain children? Do these effects vary by child or context? Does it work when used at- scale for the children and in the settings where it is best suited?

11. Environment Experience/ Intervention A Framework for Contextualization 11 Child Model based on Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006

12. Socio-economic status Frequency of home literacy Predictors of Print Knowledge in Children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) Language, Attention Difficulties Quality of book reading McGinty & Justice, 2009

13. VariableModel 1Model 2 Model 3Model 4 ββ ββ SES.31*.32*.25 Intrinsic Factors Language Attentional Difficulties.12.11.11.10.06.13 Environmental Factors Frequency of Home Literacy.08.24 Quality of Book Reading.35* *p <.05 Key Findings: Print Knowledge Outcomes

14. Attention as a Moderator Attention

15. Implications (a) The relation of book reading and literacy outcomes is diminished in children with SLI (b) Adult behaviors may be important to the learning of children with weak attentional skills (c) Pieces of experiences may meet some, but not all, of a child’s learning needs 15

16. Read It Again Language and Literacy Curriculum Supplement for Preschoolers Who Are Academically At-Risk 16 Language Justice, McGinty, Cabell, Kilday, Knighton, & Huffman, in press

17. As Children’s Language Ability Decreases, RIA Benefits Decrease Initial Language Ability

18. Implications (a)How do we design intervention to be more robust to language variation? (b)What are the active ingredients of interventions? 18

19. Explicit Print Instruction during Shared Reading and Preschoolers’ Print Knowledge Gains Explicit Print Instruction General Classroom Quality Language, Attention McGinty, Justice, Piasta, & Kaderavek, 2009

20. Explicit Print Instruction “ Here is our title. Let’s read the words- “Giggle Giggle Quack.” Giggle begins with the letter G. This is the letter G… Sam, can you come up and show me the letter G on the page?” Explicit Print Instruction Utterances related to words, letters, book and print, and print meaning. 20

21. Intensity Effects of Explicit Print Instruction 21 Intensity of Explicit Print Instruction What Conditions? For Whom? Breit-Smith, McGinty, Justice, & Fan, 2009

22. Explicit Print Instruction: For Whom and Under What Conditions ? Explicit Print Instruction General Classroom Quality Language, Attention

23. Effects of Explicit Print Instruction Final Model PredictorCoefficient Level 1 Language Ability.01* Attentional Abilities.02* Level 2 Classroom Quality.12* Explicit Print Instruction.07 Note: This model Include the covariates of age, fall print knowledge, and study condition and environmental support for print. Additional covariates considered and found to be non-significant include gender, child attendance, maternal educational attainment, teacher years of experience, program type, teacher educational attainment

24. Explicit print instruction (Z-Score) Explicit print instruction varies in its association to children’s spring print knowledge as a function of classroom quality Classroom Quality

25. Explicit print instruction (Z-Score) The association between explicit print instruction and children’s spring print knowledge varies as a function of children’s attentional abilities

26. Implications a)Explicit print instruction was robust to variation in language skill b)Explicit print instruction appears to be especially suited for children with weak attention skills c)Explicit print instruction appears robust to lower classroom quality 26

27. Discussion a)Value of asking “what works for whom and under what conditions” b)Value of identifying proximal moderators to intervention 27

28. Future Directions a)Read It Again modifications and evaluation in needs-based rural Appalachian preschool programs b)Read It Again replication in early childhood special education settings 28

29. Thank-you! as2g@virginia.edu 29