1. Chapter 14 Exception Handling

2. Chapter Goals To learn how to throw exceptions To be able to design your own exception classes To understand the difference between checked and unchecked exceptions To learn how to catch exceptions To know when and where to catch an exception

3. Error Codes Traditional approach to error handling: method returns error code Example: JOptionPane.showInputDialog returns null if user hits Cancel Problem: Calling method may forget to check for error code Problem: Calling method may not know how to fix error--then it needs to return an error code Symptom: Programming for success x.doSomething() is replaced by programming for failure if (!x.doSomething()) return false;

4. Exceptions Can't be overlooked Can be handled by a competent handler, not necessarily the calling method Throw an exception object to indicate failure if (failure) { XxxException e = new XxxException(...); throw e; } More concisely throw new XxxException(...);

5. Exceptions public class BankAccount { public void withdraw(double amount) { if (amount > balance) throw new IllegalArgumentException( "Amount exceeds balance"); balance = balance - amount; }... }

6. Hierarchy of Exception Classes

7. Syntax 14.1: Throwing an Exception throw exceptionObject; Example : throw new IllegalArgumentException(); Purpose : To throw an exception and transfer control to a handler for this exception type

8. Checked Exceptions Compiler checks that you are aware of the exception Generally used for errors that can happen even in correct programs IOException and its sublcasses are checked exceptions NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException,... are unchecked --they are your fault :-) Virtual machine errors (e.g. OutOfMemoryError) are unchecked Classification not perfect. For example, Integer.parseInt throws unchecked NumberFormatException Checked exceptions are subclasses of Exception that are not subclasses of RuntimeException

9. Checked and Unchecked Exceptions

10. Exception Specifications BufferedReader.readLine may throw IOException Tag calling method with throws IOException public class Coin { public void read(BufferedReader in) throws IOException { value = Double.parseDouble(in.readLine()); name =in.readLine(); }... }

11. Exception Specifications Need to tag caller of Coin.read as well Stop at main or with handler (see below) Can have multiple exception types public void read() throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException throws specifier not a sign of irresponsible programming Better to declare exception than to handle it incompetently

12. Syntax 14.2: Exception Specification accessSpecifier returnType methodName (parameterType parameterName,...) throws ExceptionClass, ExceptionClass.. Example: public void read(BufferedReader in) throws IOException Purpose: To indicate the checked exceptions that a method can throw

13. Designing Your Own Exception Types if (amount > balance) throw new InsufficientFundsException(...); Make it an unchecked exception--programmer could have avoided it by calling getBalance first Extend RuntimeException Supply two constructors

14. Designing Your Own Exception Types previousprevious | start | nextstartnext File Purse.java previousprevious | start | nextstartnext public class InsufficientFundsException extends RuntimeException { public InsufficientFundsException() { } public InsufficientFundsException(String reason) { super(reason); } }

15. Catching Exceptions try { BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(System.in)); System.out.println("How old are you?"); String inputLine = in.readLine(); int age = Integer.parseInt(inputLine); age++; System.out.println("Next year,you'll be " + age); } catch (IOException exception) { System.out.println("Input/output error “ +exception); } catch (NumberFormatException exception) { System.out.println("Input was not a number"); }

16. Catching Exceptions Statements in try block are executed If no exceptions occur, catch clauses are skipped If exception of matching type occurs, execution jumps to catch clause If exception of another type occurs, it is thrown to the calling method If main doesn't catch an exception, the program terminates with a stack trace

17. Syntax 14.3: General Try Block try { statement statement... } catch (ExceptionClass exceptionObject) { statement statement... } catch (ExceptionClass exceptionObject) { statement statement... }...

18. Example: try { System.out.println("What is your name?"); String name = console.readLine(); System.out.println("Hello,"+name +"!"); } catch (IOException exception) { exception.printStackTrace(); System.exit(1); } Purpose: To execute one or more statements that may generate exceptions. If an exception of a particular type occurs, then stop executing those statements and instead go to the matching catch clause. If no exception occurs, then skip the catch clauses.

19. The finally Clause Exception terminates current method Danger: Can skip over essential code Example: BufferedReader in; in = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(filename)); purse.read(in); in.close(); Must execute in.close() even if exception happens Use finally clause for code that must be executed "no matter what"

20. The finally Clause BufferedReader in = null; try { in = new BufferedReader( new FileReader(filename)); purse.read(in); } finally { if (in !=null) in.close(); }

21. The finally Clause Executed when try block comes to normal end Executed if a statement in try block throws an exception, before exception is thrown out of try block Can also be combined with catch clauses

22. Syntax 14.4: The finally Clause try { statement statement... } finally { statement statement... }

23. Example: BufferedReader in = null; try { in = new BufferedReader( new FileReader(filename)); purse.read(in); } Finally { if (in !=null) in.close(); } Purpose: To execute one or more statements that may generate exceptions, and to execute the statements in the finally clause whether or not an exception occured. previousprevious | start | nextstartnext

24. A Complete Example Program oreads coin descriptions from file o adds coins to purse oprints total What can go wrong? oFile might not exist oFile might have data in wrong format Who can detect the faults? omain method of PurseTest interacts with user omain method can report errors oOther methods pass exceptions to caller

25. The read method of the Coin class Distinguishes between expected and unexpected end of file public boolean read(BufferedReader in) throws IOException { String input =in.readLine(); if (input == null) // normal end of file return false; value = Double.parseDouble(input); // may throw unchecked NumberFormatException name = in.readLine(); if (name == null) // unexpected end of file throw new EOFException("Coin name expected"); return true; }

26. The read method of the Purse class Unconcerned with exceptions Just passes them to caller public void read(BufferedReader in) throws IOException { boolean done = false; while (!done) { Coin c = new Coin(); if (c.read(in)) add(c); else done =true; } }

27. The readFile method of the Purse class finally clause closes files if exception happens public void readFile(String filename) throws IOException { BufferedReader in = null; try { in = new BufferedReader( new FileReader(filename)); read(in); } finally { if (in != null) in.close(); } }

28. User interaction in main If an exception occurs, user can specify another file name boolean done = false; String filename = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter file name"); while (!done) { try { Purse myPurse = new Purse(); myPurse.readFile(filename); System.out.println("total=" + myPurse.getTotal()); done =true; }

29. catch (IOException exception) { System.out.println("Input/output error " + exception); } catch (NumberFormatException exception) { exception.printStackTrace(); // error in file format } if (!done) { Filename = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Try another file:"); if (filename == null) done =true; } }

30. Scenario 1.PurseTest.main calls Purse.readFile 2.Purse.readFile calls Purse.read 3.Purse.read calls Coin.read 4.Coin.read throws an EOFException 5.Coin.read has no handler for the exception and terminates immediately. 6.Purse.read has no handler for the exception and terminates immediately 7.Purse.readFile has no handler for the exception and terminates immediately after executing the finally clause and closing the file. 8.PurseTest.main has a handler for an IOException, a superclass of EOFException. That handler prints a message to the user. Afterwards, the user is given another chance to enter a file name. Note that the statement printing the purse total has been skipped.

31. File PurseTest.java 1 import javax.swing.JOptionPane; 2 import java.io.IOException; 3 4 /** 5 This program prompts the user to enter a file name 6 with coin values. A purse object is filled with 7 the coins specified in the file. In case of an exception, 8 the user can choose another file. 9 */ 10 public class PurseTest 11 { 12 public static void main(String[] args) 13 { 14 boolean done = false; 15 String filename 16 = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter file name"); 17

32. 18 while (!done) 19 { 20 try 21 { 22 Purse myPurse = new Purse(); 23 myPurse.readFile(filename); 24 System.out.println("total=" + myPurse.getTotal()); 25 done = true; 26 } 27 catch (IOException exception) 28 { 29 System.out.println("Input/output error " + exception); 30 } 31 catch (NumberFormatException exception) 32 { 33 exception.printStackTrace(); 34 } 35 36 if (!done) 37 {

33. 38 filename = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( 39 "Try another file:"); 40 if (filename == null) done = true; 41 } 42 } 43 System.exit(0); 44 } 45 }

34. File Purse.java 1 import java.io.BufferedReader; 2 import java.io.FileReader; 3 import java.io.IOException; 4 5 /** 6 A purse computes the total of a collection of coins. 7 */ 8 public class Purse 9 { 10 /** 11 Constructs an empty purse. 12 */ 13 public Purse() 14 { 15 total = 0; 16 } 17

35. 18 /** 19 Read a file with coin descriptions and adds the coins 20 to the purse. 21 @param filename the name of the file 22 */ 23 public void readFile(String filename) 24 throws IOException 25 { 26 BufferedReader in = null; 27 try 28 { 29 in = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(filename)); 30 read(in); 31 } 32 finally 33 { 34 if (in != null) in.close(); 35 } 36 } 37

36. 38 /** 39 Read a file with coin descriptions and adds the coins 40 to the purse. 41 @param in the buffered reader for reading the input 42 */ 43 public void read(BufferedReader in) 44 throws IOException 45 { 46 boolean done = false; 47 while (!done) 48 { 49 Coin c = new Coin(); 50 if (c.read(in)) 51 add(c); 52 else 53 done = true; 54 } 55 } 56 57 /**

37. 58 Add a coin to the purse. 59 @param aCoin the coin to add 60 */ 61 public void add(Coin aCoin) 62 { 63 total = total + aCoin.getValue(); 64 } 65 66 /** 67 Get the total value of the coins in the purse. 68 @return the sum of all coin values 69 */ 70 public double getTotal() 71 { 72 return total; 73 } 74 75 private double total; 76 } 77

38. File Coin.java 1 import java.io.BufferedReader; 2 import java.io.EOFException; 3 import java.io.IOException; 4 5 /** 6 A coin with a monetary value. 7 */ 8 public class Coin 9 { 10 /** 11 Constructs a default coin. 12 Use the read method to fill in the value and name. 13 */ 14 public Coin() 15 { 16 value = 0; 17 name = "";

39. 18 } 19 20 /** 21 Constructs a coin. 22 @param aValue the monetary value of the coin. 23 @param aName the name of the coin 24 */ 25 public Coin(double aValue, String aName) 26 { 27 value = aValue; 28 name = aName; 29 } 30 31 /** 32 Reads a coin value and name. 33 @param in the reader 34 @return true if the data was read, 35 false if the end of the stream was reached 36 */ 37 public boolean read(BufferedReader in)

40. 38 throws IOException 39 { 40 String input = in.readLine(); 41 if (input == null) return false; 42 value = Double.parseDouble(input); 43 name = in.readLine(); 44 if (name == null) 45 throw new EOFException("Coin name expected"); 46 return true; 47 } 48 49 /** 50 Gets the coin value. 51 @return the value 52 */ 53 public double getValue() 54 { 55 return value; 56 } 57

41. 58 /** 59 Gets the coin name. 60 @return the name 61 */ 62 public String getName() 63 { 64 return name; 65 } 66 67 private double value; 68 private String name; 69 } 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78