1. Runway Incursion Causal Categories OPERATIONAL ERROR (OE) - A human error caused by a tower controller. There are over 8000 tower controllers in the U.S. PILOT DEVIATION (PD) - A human error caused by a pilot. There are over 675,000 licensed pilots in the U.S. VEHICLE/PEDESTRIAN DEVIATION (V/PD) - A human error caused by a vehicle operator or pedestrian which results in an entry onto the movement area that has not been authorized by ATC.

2. Distribution by Type of Reported Runway Incursions FY 2002 YTD (03/04/02)FY 1998-2001 DATA ARE PRELIMINARY AND SUBJECT TO CHANGE

3. Distribution of Pilot Deviations - Office of Runway Safety

4. 33% Private 30.1%ATP 24.3%Commercial 15.2%CFIs 7.9%Students Pilot certificate level Who?

5. Pilot’s total flight time Who? < 300 hrs >10,000 hrs 97.3% GA 68.9% Non-GA 22%18%

6. Causal Factors Pilot Deviations (PD) Pilot Interviews (data from category A & B incursions between 1997-2000) - FAA Report on Runway Incursion Information Evaluation Program March 17, 2000 through March 16, 2001

7. 61.8% – Taxied onto runway 12.7% – Took off without clearance 10.8% – Landed without clearance 9.6% – Landed wrong runway/ taxiway/airport. Type of Deviation What?

8. Aircrew workload has increased Challenges facing Air Crews and Air Traffic Controllers Taxi operations are difficult and potentially hazardous Air traffic volume increases yearly Air Traffic System is more complex Airport layout design is more complicated Technology improvements at airports have not kept pace with demand

10. SPATIAL DISORIENTATION Eye, head, and aircraft movements can create situations the brain cannot reconcile G-forces on the inner ear can add to situations in which pilots become unwilling or even incapacitated to execute required maneuvers Least frequent cause of an incursion Visual Dominance may be the single Safety Net. Know airport signage, marking and lighting

11. LOSS OF SITUATIONAL AWARENESS Monitor ATC instructions to other aircraft Don’t copy ATC clearances while taxiing Plan your “head down” time (such as a checklist review, GPS fixation) wisely TIPH=time for extra vigilance [Angle to centerline] Use all external lights while on the runway

12. Fort Lauderdale International Airport, March 2001 Night, VFR, Rain Showers “Close Call” involving two commercial aircraft 1. Departing aircraft was directed to “taxi into position and hold Runway 27R” with aircraft on a 5 mile approach same runway.

13. Fort Lauderdale International Airport, March 2001 (con’t) 2. Aircraft on approach was then cleared to land with other aircraft still holding in position for takeoff.

14. Fort Lauderdale International Airport, March 2001 (con’t) 3. Landing aircraft over flew aircraft holding in position by less than 100 feet.

15. UNCLEAR/INEFFECTIVE CRM Has your front seat passenger been coached to assist you with ears and eyes? Before entering a runway proclaim “CLEAR RIGHT/LEFT” both the approach path and the runway

16. The most recent fatal U.S. runway collision accident occurred in March 2000, when two general aviation aircraft collided on the runway at the Bradenton International Airport in Sarasota, Florida, killing all four onboard. X

17. MISUNDERSTANDING ATC Use a good headset rather than the speaker and microphone “Taxi into position and HOLD” Don’t let ATC A-B-C you: Abandon, Bully or Confuse

18. DISORIENTATION Use an airport diagram, even at your home field Both pilots should have the airport diagram in view If you are not sure where you are NOW or what you are to do NEXT… ASK !!!

19. An ambiguous clearance An unintelligible transmission A clearance that doesn’t “fit” Someone else acknowledging your clearance Always Question

20. LAPSE IN SHORT- TERM/WORKING MEMORY 6-8 items, 20-second retention Task saturation is a cockpit reality Keep cockpit “sterile” while on the surface and until reaching a predetermined altitude. Copy taxi instructions. Don’t copy other ATC clearances while taxiing

21. Cockpit workload and distractions tend to increase. As cockpit activity increases, attention to communications decrease. Fatigue level increases. Increased vigilance is needed when snow and other weather conditions obscure airport markings and signs. During Night Operations and Periods of Low Visibility:

22. Severity Categories A B C D Animated Illustration 9 Little or no risk of collision Ample time and distance to avoid collision Significant potential for collision Barely avoid collision Above scenarios are all classified as runway incursions, but with different severity codes. In each case the taxiing aircraft penetrated the runway safety area (hold position) AND A collision hazard or loss of separation occurred with the landing aircraft.

23. FY 2002 YTD (03/04/02) Severity Distribution of Reported Runway Incursions Category A includes 2 accidents / 4 fatalities. Category A includes 1 accident / 0 fatalities. FY 1998-2001 DATA ARE PRELIMINARY AND SUBJECT TO CHANGE