1. Mughal Empire 1526-1707 Section 3

2. Babur “The Tiger” (1483-1530) Who: Babur What: Founder of the Mughal Empire India Why: Built up army & took over Delhi (1526) – First Gunpowder Empire Expanded empire Laid foundations for great Mughal Empire

3. HIS SON WASN’T GREAT.. SO HIS GRANDSON TOOK OVER…

4. Akbar “The Great” (1556-1605) Why: Developed bureaucracy – Mansab, Mansabars (like regions & governors) Improved taxes – Land tax – Jizya – levied non-muslim taxes Religious Tolerance: Hindu-Islam relations Law codes – Hindus stayed under their law-Dharmashastra – Muslims – Shari’a Law, Akbar – Court of last resort “Divine Faith” (his own religion)

5. “Divine Faith” – All the world’s religions wrapped up into one – Mainly based on Islam – Stressed loyalty to Emperor – Monotheistic – Also had parts of: Jainism, Zoroastrianism, and Hinduism

6. The Last Three Emperors

7. 1. Jahangir Akbar’s son His wife was pretty much in charge.. Her dismissal of one of his sons led the son to become Sikh = religious tension…

8. “Sikhs” (NC) Who: religious group the Mughals were against What: Non-violent religious group that blended beliefs from Buddhism, Hinduism, & Sufism (Islamic Mysticism) Where: India When: 1600s Why: – A Leader is a Guru- Sikhs are their disciples – They formed as a non-violent group that was a blend of religions which the Islamic Mughals didn’t like = tension!

9. 2. Shah Jahan (1628-1658) Why: Military wars of conquest – Expanded empire once again – Put the empire back together Moved capital to Delhi Est. Amazing monuments... Such as…

10. The Peacock Throne Red Fort

11. Taj Mahal

12. Where Shah Jahan lived

13. More on the “Why” to Shah Jahan.. The monuments took $$$ to make = people paid more taxes = people  = famine & suffering! 

14. 3. Aurangzeb (1658-1707) Who: Aurangzeb, Shah Jahan’s 3 rd son & successor What: Mughal leader that imprisoned his father, killed his brothers & took over; Master at military strategy & aggressive empire builder Why: Wars of conquest – Empire expanded to greatest limits– too great = too $$$ – Last great conqueror of Mughal history Oppressive on Hindus– more strict – Replaced Hindu temples – Taxes on Hindus – They had to obey Islamic law System started falling apart – Individual states rebelled

15. THE COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE 3:

16. The Dynastic State All Military creations Rulers felt: land is their personal possessions Emperors command the armies Dismiss who they want at will Grant land Religion, ancestors- justify rules

17. Dynastic Changes Compete for succession Mughals and Safavids kill Ottomans isolate men in palaces

18. Economics Use crops from the Americas – Maize, potatoes Convinced tobacco is good for medicinal purposes Coffee houses develop – Moral decline Sultan outlaws them – Doesn’t work

19. Trade All had been centers of trade Ottomans trade esp. w. France and GB Safavid center= Isfahan Mughals= traded w. all major Europeans

20. Population India- New crops and growing agricultural economy causes population to grow Ottoman Empire – Population skyrockets bc of expanding boundaries – Declines after 1700 bc of loss of territory

21. What about the Religious Minorities? People did not HAVE to convert to Islam Paid tax (jizya) – Akbar abolishes this – Auranhzeb reinstates it Protected people– Dhimmi

22. THE END… Ottomans: Lost territories slowly  first in Egypt  then Europeans and Russia got into it  ends officially after WWI Safavids: Afghans block Isfahan  Cannibalism  Abdication  Execution Mughals: Post-Aurangzeb= Rebellions – Invasions  British rule