1. Gender Inequalities

2. Can you think of any specific gender inequalities?
Domestic activities
Male / female pay gap
Health
Crime patterns
Religion
Can you think of any specific gender inequalities?
Types of job
Parenting / child care
Education

3. Do you think any of these might be changing?

4. Gender inequalities in the labour market

5. Male / Female Pay Gap
Read the following article and point out any differences in male and female pay

6. Government Statistics show...
Female full time employees are paid 10.2% less than male full time employees (2010)
In 2009 this figure was 12.2%
This is the biggest drop since 1997
Can we say the pay gap is getting smaller?

7. What has been done to counter gender inequalities in pay?
The Equal Pay Act 1970 “equal pay for work of equal value” to end wage discrimination on basis of gender

8. BUT...
Many companies avoided the Act by re-grading the work traditionally done by women so they could suggest women were doing less skilled work than men
This allowed them to pay women less

9. The type of work men and women do
Read the following article and point out any differences in the types of work males and females do

10. Government Statistics show...
2008: half of jobs done by women were part time
Compared to just 1/6 of men’s jobs
Women more likely to have temporary or casual jobs

11. Reasons for women doing part time work...
Beechey (1987)
Women carry major domestic and childcare responsibilities. After having children many women take up part time work so they can cope with their domestic responsibilities
Many part time jobs have been designed especially for married women. Flexible and part time work has been increasing in recent years, especially in the service sector

12. The ‘glass ceiling’
Women often get so far in a job and then encounter the ‘glass ceiling’
This is where they can see there they want to go next in their career but something stops them from getting there

13. For example. At the end of the twentieth century, women made up only
For example.... At the end of the twentieth century, women made up only... 18% of hospital consultants 7% of university lecturers less than 5% of company directors

14. Why is there this ‘glass ceiling’?
Time taken out of career to start a family
Childcare responsibilities = women more likely to work part time
Why is there this ‘glass ceiling’?
Means women can miss out on promotion opportunities
Not taken seriously as managers/supervisors?

15. Horizontal Segregation
Men and women work in different types of jobs in different sectors of the economy
Women under-represented in:
Primary sector (agriculture, mining)
Construction, transport and manufacturing
Women over-represented in:
Hotels, catering, finance and insurance

16. Is horizontal segregation in decline?
Women entering traditionally male jobs
Men entering traditionally female jobs

17. Some men going into traditionally female professions such as nursing
And some women going into traditionally male professions such as the armed forces

18. Vertical Segregation
Men and women are in found at different job levels within each industry or occupational group
i.e. women make up 60-70% of all teachers, but only 16% of secondary school head teachers were female in 1983
Women tend to be over-represented at the lower level jobs and under-represented in the most senior or higher status positions
Women are also more likely to be paid less than their male counterparts

19. What about men?
Generally have a greater range of work opportunities, more status and pay
Is this experience changing?
Economic recession and unemployment in traditional industries and manufacturing
Marginalised masculinity?
Frustration at being unable to fulfil traditional role as breadwinner and protector

20. This is just made worse by the fact women seem to be more successful at getting the jobs that have replaced manufacturing i.e. the new service sector Women taking over from men as breadwinners? Mac an Ghaill (1996) ‘crisis in masculinity’?

21. Willott and Griffin (1996) Look at this ‘crisis in masculinity’
Researched a group of long term unemployed men in the West Midlands
The respondents were marginalised and had little hope of finding a steady job
The role of provider/breadwinner was undermined
BUT their other masculine characteristics (esp. Sense of authority in family) remained
Not a crisis in masculinity!
Just a weakening of certain elements of traditional masculinity