1. LAKE ECOLOGY Unit 1: Module 2/3 Part 3 – Basins and Morphometry January 2004

2. Developed by: R.Axler and C. Hagley Draft Updated: January 13, 2004 U1-m2/3Part 3-s2 Modules 2/3 overview  Goal – Provide a practical introduction to limnology  Time required – Two weeks of lecture (6 lectures) and 2 laboratories  Extensions – Additional material could be used to expand to 3 weeks. We realize that there are far more slides than can possibly be used in two weeks and some topics are covered in more depth than others. Teachers are expected to view them all and use what best suits their purposes.

3. Developed by: R.Axler and C. Hagley Draft Updated: January 13, 2004 U1-m2/3Part 3-s3 Modules 2/3 outline 1. Introduction 2. Major groups of organisms; metabolism 3. Basins and morphometry 4. Spatial and temporal variability – basic physical and chemical patchiness (habitats) 5. Major ions and nutrients 6. Management – eutrophication and water quality

4. Developed by: R.Axler and C. Hagley Draft Updated: January 13, 2004 U1-m2/3Part 3-s4 3. Lake basins & morphometry

5. Developed by: R.Axler and C. Hagley Draft Updated: January 13, 2004 U1-m2/3Part 3-s5 Lake types and classifications Insert ~ 4 photos of various pond, lake, and reservoirs  Lakes are open bodies of slow moving water not in contact with the ocean  Lake origin and geology determine:  Basin area, shape, depth  Watershed size and mineral soils  Basic water quality and sediment characteristics

6. Developed by: R.Axler and C. Hagley Draft Updated: January 13, 2004 U1-m2/3Part 3-s6 Major Lake Types  Major types:  glacial  tectonic  volcanic  reservoirs  solution  landslide  oxbow

7. Developed by: R.Axler and C. Hagley Draft Updated: January 13, 2004 U1-m2/3Part 3-s7  Most recent ~14,000 b.p.  ice scour lakes  morainal lakes  ice block/kettle lakes  Includes most of the lakes in the Upper Great Lakes and New England region Glacial lake basins

8. Developed by: R.Axler and C. Hagley Draft Updated: January 13, 2004 U1-m2/3Part 3-s8 Lots of beautiful glacial lake basins out there  Castle Lake, CA: cirque lake formed by glacier scour leaving a terminal moraine at the outflow and a lateral moraine than separates a 5m deep littoral plain from a 35 m deep bowl  Typically have low watershed to lake area ratio (A w : A 0 )

9. Developed by: R.Axler and C. Hagley Draft Updated: January 13, 2004 U1-m2/3Part 3-s9 Tectonic lake basins – Graben-Rift  Faults and depressions created from crustal movements  The deepest lakes in the world were formed from parallel fault blocks that sank to create flat-bottomed grabens (Tahoe, Baikal, Tanganyika) Lake Tahoe, CA-NV (tahoe.usgs.gov)

10. Developed by: R.Axler and C. Hagley Draft Updated: January 13, 2004 U1-m2/3Part 3-s10  Slow uplifting of ancient sea beds to form shallow depressions L. Okeechobee, FL Tectonic Basins – Uplifted sea beds

11. Developed by: R.Axler and C. Hagley Draft Updated: January 13, 2004 U1-m2/3Part 3-s11 Images of uplifted sea beds L. Titicaca, Bolivia-Peru Great Salt Lake More uplifted ancient seabeds

12. Developed by: R.Axler and C. Hagley Draft Updated: January 13, 2004 U1-m2/3Part 3-s12 http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/fact-sheet/fs092-02/ Volcanic – Caldera Lakes  Crater Lake- 589 m deep (Mt. Mazama exploded)  Very low watershed to lake area ratio (A w : A 0 )  Steep sides  Low nutrient soils  Unproductive  Extremely clear www.cs.uoregon.edu/.../oregon/large/

13. Developed by: R.Axler and C. Hagley Draft Updated: January 13, 2004 U1-m2/3Part 3-s13 Other lake types Reservoirs – What’s that dammed lake for ?  usually created for multiple uses and so result in multiple conflicts Solution lakes – formed by the dissolution of limestone deposits  Are sinkholes in Florida prime lakeshore real estate ?  Areas with numerous solution lakes are known as “Karst topography” USBR: http://www.hooverdam.usbr.gov/

14. Developed by: R.Axler and C. Hagley Draft Updated: January 13, 2004 U1-m2/3Part 3-s14 Landslide formed Oxbow lakes – the river changed course And more lake types

15. Developed by: R.Axler and C. Hagley Draft Updated: January 13, 2004 U1-m2/3Part 3-s15 The WOW lakes  Shagawa L., MN - glacial  L. Minnetonka - glacial  Medicine L., MN – glacial  Independence, MN - glacial  Ice L., MN - glacial  Grindstone L., MN - glacial  L. Onondaga, NY – morainal  L. Washington, WA – fjord lake  L. Mead, NV/AZ - reservoir

16. Developed by: R.Axler and C. Hagley Draft Updated: January 13, 2004 U1-m2/3Part 3-s16 WOW Minnesota Lakes Wow lake images Shagawa Medicine Independence Ice Lake Lake Independence

17. Developed by: R.Axler and C. Hagley Draft Updated: January 13, 2004 U1-m2/3Part 3-s17 Lake Minnetonka  Formed by glacial melting during the last Ice Age  16 interconnected lakes; ~23 named bays and areas Halsteds Bay West Upper Basin

18. Developed by: R.Axler and C. Hagley Draft Updated: January 13, 2004 U1-m2/3Part 3-s18 Washington Onondaga Mead - Las Vegas Bay Boulder Basin - Sentinel I. WOW Lakes

19. Developed by: R.Axler and C. Hagley Draft Updated: January 13, 2004 U1-m2/3Part 3-s19