1. 14 Corporations: Dividends, Retained Earnings, and Income Reporting
Learning Objectives
Explain how to account for cash dividends. 1
Explain how to account for stock dividends and splits. 2
Prepare and analyze a comprehensive stockholders’ equity section. 3
Describe the form and content of corporation income statements. 4

2. 1 Explain how to account for cash dividends.
LEARNING
OBJECTIVE 1
Distribution of cash or stock to stockholders on a pro rata (proportional to ownership) basis.
Types of Dividends:
Cash dividends.
Property dividends.
Stock dividends.
Scrip (promissory note).
Dividends are generally reported quarterly as a dollar amount per share.
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3. Cash Dividends For a corporation to pay a cash dividend, it must have:
Retained earnings - Payment of cash dividends from retained earnings is legal in all states.
Adequate cash.
A declaration of dividends by the Board of Directors.
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4. Cash Dividends Three dates are important: LO 1 Illustration 14-1
Key dividend dates
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5. Cash Dividends
Illustration: On Dec. 1, the directors of Media General declare a 50 cents per share cash dividend on 100,000 shares of $10 par value common stock. The dividend is payable on Jan. 20 to shareholders of record on Dec. 22.
Dec. 1 (Declaration Date)
Cash Dividends 50,000
Dividends Payable 50,000
Dec. 22 (Date of Record)
No entry
Jan. 20 (Payment Date)
Dividends Payable 50,000
Cash 50,000
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6. Dividend Preferences
Right to receive dividends before common stockholders.
Per share dividend amount is stated as a percentage of the preferred stock’s par value or as a specified amount.
Cumulative Dividend Preferred stockholders must be paid both current-year dividends and any unpaid prior-year dividends before common stockholders receive dividends.
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7. Dividend Preferences CUMULATIVE DIVIDEND
Illustration: Scientific Leasing has 5,000 shares of 7%, $100 par value, cumulative preferred stock outstanding. Each $100 share pays a $7 dividend (.07 x $100). The annual dividend is $35,000 (5,000 x $7 per share). If dividends are two years in arrears, preferred stockholders are entitled to receive the following dividends in the current year.
Illustration 14-2
Computation of total dividends to preferred stock
Advance slide in slide show to reveal dividend amounts.
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8. Dividend Preferences
ALLOCATING CASH DIVIDENDS BETWEEN PREFERRED AND COMMON STOCK
Holders of cumulative preferred stock must be paid any unpaid prior-year dividends and their current year’s dividend before common stockholders receive dividends.
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9. ALLOCATING CASH DIVIDENDS
Illustration: On December 31, 2017, IBR Inc. has 1,000 shares of 8%, $100 par value cumulative preferred stock. It also has 50,000 shares of $10 par value common stock outstanding. At December 31, 2017, the directors declare a $6,000 cash dividend. Prepare the entry to record the declaration of the dividend.
Cash Dividends 6,000
Dividends Payable 6,000
Preferred Dividends: 1,000 shares x $100 par x 8% = $8,000
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10. ALLOCATING CASH DIVIDENDS
Illustration: At December 31, 2018, IBR declares a $50,000 cash dividend. Show the allocation of dividends to each class of stock.
$ 50,000
2,000 **
8,000 *
$ 40,000
* 1,000 shares x $100 par x 8% = $8,000
** Pfd. dividends $8,000 – declared $6,000 = $2,000
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11. ALLOCATING CASH DIVIDENDS
Illustration: At December 31, 2018, IBR declares a $50,000 cash dividend. Prepare the entry to record the declaration of the dividend.
Cash Dividends 50,000
Dividends Payable 50,000
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12. DO IT! 1 Dividends on Preferred and Common Stock
MasterMind Corporation has 2,000 shares of 6%, $100 par value preferred stock outstanding at December 31, At December 31, 2017, the company declared a $60,000 cash dividend. Determine the dividend paid to preferred stockholders and common stockholders under each of the following scenarios.
The preferred stock is noncumulative, and the company has not missed any dividends in previous years.
Solution
Preferred stockholders are paid only this year’s dividend.
Preferred stockholders = $12,000 (2,000 x .06 x $100).
Common stockholders = $48,000 ($60,000 - $12,000).
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13. DO IT! 1 Dividends on Preferred and Common Stock
MasterMind Corporation has 2,000 shares of 6%, $100 par value preferred stock outstanding at December 31, At December 31, 2017, the company declared a $60,000 cash dividend. Determine the dividend paid to preferred stockholders and common stockholders under each of the following scenarios.
The preferred stock is noncumulative, and the company did not pay a dividend in each of the two previous years.
Solution
Past unpaid dividends do not have to be paid.
Preferred stockholders = $12,000 (2,000 x .06 x $100).
Common stockholders = $48,000 ($60,000 - $12,000).
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14. DO IT! 1 Dividends on Preferred and Common Stock
MasterMind Corporation has 2,000 shares of 6%, $100 par value preferred stock outstanding at December 31, At December 31, 2017, the company declared a $60,000 cash dividend. Determine the dividend paid to preferred stockholders and common stockholders under each of the following scenarios.
The preferred stock is cumulative, and the company did not pay a dividend in each of the two previous years.
Solution
Dividends that have been missed (dividends in arrears) must be paid.
Preferred stockholders = $36,000 (3 x 2,000 x .06 x $100).
Common stockholders = $24,000 ($60,000 - $36,000).
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15. Explain how to account for stock dividends and splits.
LEARNING
OBJECTIVE 2
Stock Dividends
A pro rata (proportional to ownership) distribution of the corporation’s own stock to stockholders.
Reasons why corporations issue stock dividends:
Satisfy stockholders’ dividend expectations without spending cash.
Increase marketability of the corporation’s stock.
Emphasize a portion of stockholders’ equity has been permanently reinvested in the business.
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16. Stock Dividends
Small stock dividend (less than 20–25% of the corporation’s issued stock, recorded at fair market value)
Large stock dividend (greater than 20–25% of issued stock, recorded at par value) *
* Accounting based on the assumption that a small stock dividend will have little effect on the market price of the outstanding shares.
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17. ENRTIES FOR STOCK DIVIDENDS
Illustration: Medland Corporation declares a 10% stock dividend on its 50,000 shares of $10 par value common stock. The current fair market value of its stock is $15 per share. Record the entry on the declaration date:
Stock Dividends (50,000 x 10% x $15)
75,000
Common Stock Dividends Distributable
50,000
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par—Common
25,000
Statement Presentation
Illustration 14-4
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18. ENRTIES FOR STOCK DIVIDENDS
Illustration: Medland Corporation declares a 10% stock dividend on its 50,000 shares of $10 par value common stock. The current fair market value of its stock is $15 per share. Record the entry on the declaration date:
Stock Dividends (50,000 x 10% x $15)
75,000
Common Stock Dividends Distributable
50,000
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par—Common
25,000
Record the journal entry when Medland issues the dividend shares.
Common Stock Dividends Distributable
50,000
Common Stock
50,000
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19. Stock Dividends
EFFECTS OF STOCK DIVIDENDS
Illustration 14-5
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20. Stock Dividends Question
Which of the following statements about small stock dividends is true?
A debit to Stock Dividends for the par value of the shares issued should be made.
A small stock dividend decreases total stockholders’ equity.
Market value per share should be assigned to the dividend shares.
A small stock dividend ordinarily will have an effect on par value per share of stock.
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21. Stock Dividends Question
In the stockholders’ equity section, Common Stock Dividends Distributable is reported as a(n):
deduction from total paid-in capital and retained earnings.
current liability.
deduction from retained earnings.
addition to capital stock.
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22. Stock Splits
Issuance of additional shares to stockholders according to their percentage ownership.
Reduction in the par or stated value per share.
Increase in number of shares outstanding.
Reduces the market value of shares.
No journal entry recorded.
Helpful Hint
A stock split changes the par value per share but does not affect any balances in stockholders’ equity.
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23. Stock Splits Effect of 4-for-1 stock split for stockholders LO 2
Illustration 14-6
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24. Stock Splits
Effects for Medland Corporation, assuming that it splits its 50,000 shares of common stock on a 2-for-1 basis.
Illustration 14-7
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25. Investor Insight Berkshire Hathaway A No-Split Philosophy
Warren Buffett’s company, Berkshire Hathaway, has two classes of shares. Until recently, the company had never split either class of stock. As a result, the class A stock had a market price of$97,000 and the class B sold for about $3,200 per share. Because the price per share is so high, the stock does not trade as frequently as the stock of other companies. Buffett has always opposed stock splits because he feels that a lower stock price attracts short-term investors. He appears to be correct. For example, while more than 6 million shares of IBM are exchanged on the average day, only about 1,000 class A shares of Berkshire are traded. Despite Buffett’s aversion to splits, in order to accomplish a recent acquisition, Berkshire decided to split its class B shares 50 to 1.
Source: Scott Patterson, “Berkshire Nears Smaller Baby B’s,” Wall Street Journal Online (January 19, 2010).
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26. DO IT! 2 Stock Dividends and Stock Splits
Sing CD Company has had five years of record earnings. Due to this success, the market price of its 500,000 shares of $2 par value common stock has tripled from $15 per share to $45. During this period, paid-in capital remained the same at $2,000,000. Retained earnings increased from $1,500,000 to $10,000,000. President Joan Elbert is considering either a 10% stock dividend or a 2-for- 1 stock split. She asks you to show the before-and-after effects of each option on retained earnings, total stockholders’ equity, and par value per share.
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27. DO IT! 2 Stock Dividends and Stock Splits
Sing CD Company has had five years of record earnings. Due to this success, the market price of its 500,000 shares of $2 par value common stock has tripled from $15 per share to $45. President Joan Elbert is considering either a 10% stock dividend or a 2-for-1 stock split.
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28. 3 Prepare and analyze a comprehensive stockholders’ equity section.
LEARNING
OBJECTIVE 3
Retained earnings is net income that a company retains in the business.
Part of the stockholders’ claim on the total assets of the corporation.
Debit balance in Retained Earnings is identified as a deficit.
Illustration 14-10
Stockholders’ equity with deficit
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29. Retained Earnings RETAINED EARNINGS RESTRICTIONS
Restrictions can result from:
Legal restrictions.
Contractual restrictions.
Voluntary restrictions.
Illustration 14-11
Disclosure of restriction
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30. Retained Earnings PRIOR PERIOD ADJUSTMENTS
Correction of an error in previously issued financial statements.
Result from:
mathematical mistakes.
mistakes in application of accounting principles.
oversight or misuse of facts.
Adjustment made to the beginning balance of retained earnings.
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31. RETAINED EARNINGS STATEMENT
Before issuing the report for the year ended December 31, 2017, you discover a $50,000 error (net of tax) that caused the 2016 inventory to be overstated (overstated inventory caused COGS to be lower and thus net income to be higher in Would this discovery have any impact on the reporting of the Statement of Retained Earnings for 2017?
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32. RETAINED EARNINGS STATEMENT
Advance slide in slide show to reveal answer.
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33. RETAINED EARNINGS STATEMENT
Debits and Credits to Retained Earnings
Illustration 14-13
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34. RETAINED EARNINGS STATEMENT
Illustration 14-14
Retained earnings statement
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35. RETAINED EARNINGS STATEMENT
Question
All but one of the following is reported in a retained earnings statement. The exception is:
cash and stock dividends.
net income and net loss.
some disposals of treasury stock below cost.
sales of treasury stock above cost.
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36. Statement Presentation and Analysis
Illustration 14-15
Comprehensive stockholders’
equity section
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37. Statement Presentation and Analysis
To illustrate, Walt Disney Company’s beginning-of-the-year and end-of-the-year common stockholders’ equity were $31,820 and $30,753 million, respectively. Its net income was $4,687 million, and no preferred stock was outstanding.
Illustration 14-16
Ratio shows how many dollars of net income the company earned for each dollar invested by the common stockholders.
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38. DO IT! 3 Retained Earnings Statement
Vega Corporation has retained earnings of $5,130,000 on January 1, During the year, Vega earned $2,000,000 of net income. It declared and paid a $250,000 cash dividend. In 2017, Vega recorded an adjustment of $180,000 due to the understatement (from a mathematical error) of 2016 depreciation expense. Prepare a retained earnings statement for
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39. DO IT! 3 Retained Earnings Statement
Prepare a retained earnings statement for 2017.
Advance slide in slide show to reveal the missing amounts.
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40. Income Statement Presentation
Describe the form and content of corporation income statements.
LEARNING
OBJECTIVE 4
Income Statement Presentation
Illustration 14-17
Income statement with income taxes
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41. Income Statement Analysis
EPS AND PREFERRED DIVIDENDS
Net Income minus Preferred Dividends
Earnings Per Share =
Weighted-Average Common Shares Outstanding
Ratio indicates the net income earned by each share of outstanding common stock.
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42. Income Statement Analysis
Question
The income statement for Nadeen, Inc. shows income before income taxes $700,000, income tax expense $210,000, and net income $490,000. If Nadeen has 100,000 shares of common stock outstanding throughout the year, earnings per share is:
$7.00.
$4.90.
$2.10.
No correct answer is given.
($490,000 / 100,000 = $4.90)
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43. People, Planet, and Profit Insight
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44. DO IT! 4 Stockholders’ Equity and EPS
(a) Compute return on common stockholders’ equity for each year.
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45. DO IT! 4 Stockholders’ Equity and EPS
(b) Compute earnings per share for each year.
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46. A Look at IFRS 5 Key Points
Compare the accounting for dividends, retained earnings, and income reporting under GAAP and IFRS.
LEARNING
OBJECTIVE 5
Key Points
Similarities
The accounting related to prior period adjustment is essentially the same under IFRS and GAAP.
The stockholders’ equity section is essentially the same under IFRS and GAAP. However, terminology used to describe certain components is often different. These differences are discussed in Chapter 13.
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47. A Look at IFRS Key Points
The income statement using IFRS is called the statement of comprehensive income. A statement of comprehensive income is presented in a one- or two-statement format. The single-statement approach includes all items of income and expense, as well as each component of other comprehensive income or loss by its individual characteristic. In the two-statement approach, a traditional income statement is prepared. It is then followed by a statement of comprehensive income, which starts with net income or loss and then adds other comprehensive income or loss items. Regardless of which approach is reported, income tax expense is required to be reported.
The computations related to earnings per share are essentially the same under IFRS and GAAP.
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48. A Look at IFRS Key Points Differences
Under IFRS, the term reserves is used to describe all equity accounts other than those arising from contributed (paid-in) capital. This would include, for example, reserves related to retained earnings, asset revaluations, and fair value differences.
IFRS often uses terms such as retained profits or accumulated profit or loss to describe retained earnings. The term retained earnings is also often used.
Equity is given various descriptions under IFRS, such as shareholders’ equity, owners’ equity, capital and reserves, and share holders’ funds.
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49. A Look at IFRS Looking to the Future
The IASB and the FASB are currently working on a project related to financial statement presentation. An important part of this study is to determine whether certain line items, subtotals, and totals should be clearly defined and required to be displayed in the financial statements. For example, it is likely that the statement of stockholders’ equity and its presentation will be examined closely.
Both the IASB and FASB are working toward convergence of any remaining differences related to earnings per share computations.
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50. A Look at IFRS IFRS Self-Test Questions
The basic accounting for cash dividends and stock dividends:
is different under IFRS versus GAAP.
is the same under IFRS and GAAP.
differs only for the accounting for cash dividends between GAAP and IFRS.
differs only for the accounting for stock dividends between GAAP and IFRS.
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51. A Look at IFRS IFRS Self-Test Questions
Under IFRS, a statement of comprehensive income must include:
accounts payable.
income tax expense.
retained earnings.
preference stock.
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52. A Look at IFRS A Look at IFRS IFRS Self-Test Questions
Earnings per share computations related to IFRS and GAAP:
are essentially similar.
result in an amount referred to as earnings per share.
must deduct preferred (preference) dividends when computing earnings per share.
All of the answer choices are correct.
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53. Copyright
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