1. TISSUE STRUCTURE Edited by: Jessica Hawley Compiled by Mark Anderson

2. Classify different tissues by their shape and number Know the four different types of tissues Compare and contrast different functions of tissues OBJECTIVES

3. How many layers of cells? – Single – Simple – Multiple – Stratified What is the shape of the cells? – Thin and Flat – Squamous – Square – Cuboidal – Columns – Columnar CLASSIFICATION

4. Epithelium Connective Tissue Nervous Tissue Muscle Tissue TISSUES

5. Thin layer of tissue that covers all free surfaces of the body – Includes skin and gastrointestinal tract Simple Epithelium – Located in highly protected areas where maximum absorption is needed Digestive System Stratified Epithelium – Located in ares where there is friction with the environment Skin EPITHELIUM

6. TYPES OF EPITHELIUM

7. Provides the structural framework of an animal All Connective Tissue Includes – Wandering cells – Fixed cells – Ground substance CONNECTIVE TISSUE

8. Ameboid cells that can freely move within CT – Macrophages White blood cells Consume foreign material – Mast cells Release histamines incase of inflamation Abundant at the injury site WANDERING CELLS

9. Cells that are somewhat anchored within the CT – Fibroblast – determines density of the CT Primary function is to produce fibrous proteins to reinforce the amorphous structure FIXED CELLS

10. A viscous solution consisting primarliy of proteins linked to carbohydrates Important in lubricating joints in the form of synovial fluid Density determined by number of fibrous proteins GROUND SUBSTANCE

11. Loose – flexible Dense Specialized – blood and lymph Supportive – bones and cartilage TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

12. Highly porous and flexible Provides structure for blood vessels and nerves Highly vascularized Not very strong LOOSE CT

13. Maximum strength with little flexibility Tendons that are connected to muscle Two types – Regular – resists force from one directions – Irregular – resists force from multiple directions DENSE CT

14. Adipose tissue – Storage of triglycerides – Highly vascularized Blood and Lymph – Blood delivers nutrients to tissues – Lymph filters and returns the plasma to the circulatory system – Very little structure SPECIALIZED

15. Cartilage – Hyaline trachea – Elastic ear – Fibrocartilage Between vertebrae Bone – Spongy Inside the bone – Compact Outside the bone SUPPORTIVE

16. Hyaline – Densely packed with collagen fibers and provides rigid but flexible features Elastic – More elastin fibers with some collagen provides maximum flexibility Fibrocartilage – Extreme form of hyaline cartilage. Very little ground substance CARTILAGE

17. Compact – Very dense and found on the outside of the bones Spongy – Contains spicules and trabeculae that adds strength BONE

18. Long bones – Arm and leg bones Irregular bones – Pelvic bones and vertebrate Flat bones – Bones of the skull TYPES OF BONES

19. Made of neuron and glial cells and functions to transmit electrical impulses throughout the body Neuron – nerve cell Glial cell – support cell that help insulate and support the nerve cell NERVOUS TISSUE

20. Major features of nerve cells – Axon – Cell Body – Dendrites – Synaptic junctions – Myelin Sheath Made of Schwann cells NEURONS

22. Functions in locomotion, digestion, breathing, vision, circulation, and other biological processes Also used as a high protein food source Makes up 30-40% of total body mass MUSCLE TISSUE

23. Skeletal – Striated and voluntary Cardiac – Striated and involuntary Smooth – Not striated and involuntary MUSCLE TISSUE

24. Striated and voluntary Primary muscle type for meat Multinucleated with nuclei located toward the edge of the cell – Multinucleated cannot reproduce, they can only get larger – Helps with muscle growth SKELETAL

25. STRIATED MUSCLE

26. Myofiber – muscle fiber/ cell Myofibril – Contractile apparatus Sarcolemma – membrane surrounding the myofiber DEFINITIONS

27. MUSCLE ORGANIZATION

28. MYOFIBRIL STRUCTURE

29. A band – darker in color; runs the length of the myosin fiber I band – lighter in color; only thin filament present H zone – only thick filament present Z line – End of the sarcomere where the thin filament is anchored M line – middle of the sarcomere where thick filament is anchored SARCOMERIC STRUCTURES

30. Striated and involuntary Single centrally located nucleus Varying lengths of the thin filament CARDIAC

31. Not striated, involuntary Mononucleated, with nucleus in middle of the cell Tight membrane to membrane junctions for communication between cells SMOOTH

32. Classify different tissues by their shape and number Know the four different types of tissues Compare and contrast different functions of tissues OBJECTIVES