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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

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1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

2 Chapter 11: Interest Groups I.The Role of Interest Groups II.Theories of Interest Group Politics III.What Makes an Interest Group Successful IV.How Groups Try to Shape Policy V.Types of Interest Groups VI.Understanding Interest Groups

3 I. The Role of Interest Groups A.Interest Group 1.An organization of people with shared policy goals entering the policy process at several points to try to achieve those goals. 2.Interest groups pursue their goals in many arenas. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

4 I. The Role of Interest Groups B.Interest groups are distinct from political parties. 1.Political parties fight election battles; interest groups do not field candidates for office but may choose sides. 2.Interest groups are policy specialists; political parties are policy generalists. LO 11.1 To Learning Objectives

5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman II. Theories of Interest Group Politics A.Pluralist Theory Competition among groups trying to get their preferred policies. 1.Pluralism a)Groups provide a link between the people and the government. b)Groups compete and no one group will become too dominant. c)Groups play by “rules the game.” d)Groups weak in one resource may use another. e)Lobbying is open to all groups. To Learning Objectives LO 11.2

6 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman II. Theories of Interest Group Politics A.Elite Theory Upper-class elite holds most of the power and run government. 1.Elitism a)Groups are unequal in power. b)Awesome power is held by the largest corporations. c)Power of a few is fortified by interlocking directorates. d)Other groups win minor policy battles, but corporate elites win the big decisions. To Learning Objectives LO 11.2

7 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman II. Theories of Interest Group Politics A.Hyperpluralist Theory Groups are so strong that government is weakened. 1.Hyperpluralism a)Groups have become too powerful as government tries to appease every conceivable interest. b)Interest group liberalism is aggravated by numerous iron triangles. c)Trying to please every group results in contradictory and confusing policy. To Learning Objectives LO 11.2

8 III. What Makes an Interest Group Successful A.The Surprising Ineffectiveness of Large Groups B.Intensity C.Financial Resources To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

9 LO 11.3 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

10 III. What Makes an Interest Group Successful A.Surprising Ineffectiveness of Large Groups 1.Potential group – People who might be group members because they share some common interest. 2.Actual group – Potential group members who actually join group. 3.Collective good – Something of value that cannot be withheld from a potential group member. To Learning Objectives LO 11.3

11 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman III. What Makes an Interest Group Successful A.Surprising Ineffectiveness of Large Groups (cont.) 4.Free-rider problem – Problem of people not joining because they can benefit from the group’s activities without joining. 5.Selective benefits – Goods that a group can restrict to those who actually join. To Learning Objectives LO 11.3

12 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 11.3

13 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman III. What Makes an Interest Group Successful B.Intensity 1.A large potential group may be mobilized through an issue that people feel intensely about. 2.Politicians are more likely to listen a group that shows it cares deeply about an issue. 3.Single-issue groups – Narrow interest, dislike compromise, and members are new to politics. To Learning Objectives LO 11.3

14 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman III. What Makes an Interest Group Successful C.Financial Resources 1.Not all groups have equal amounts of money. 2.Monetary donations translate into access to the politicians, such as a phone call, meeting, or support for policy. 3.Wealthier groups have more resources and access, but they do not always win on policy. To Learning Objectives LO 11.3

15 IV. How Groups Try to Shape Policy A.Lobbying B.Electioneering C.Litigation D.Going Public To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

16 IV. How Groups Try to Shape Policy A.Lobbying 1.Communication to a governmental decision maker with the hope of influencing his or her decision. 2.Lobbyists are a)a source of information; b)helping to get legislation passed; c)helping to formulate campaign strategy; and d)a source of ideas and innovations. LO 11.4 To Learning Objectives

17 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 11.4

18 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 11.4

19 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman IV. How Groups Try to Shape Policy B.Electioneering 1.Direct group involvement in the electoral process by helping to fund campaigns, getting members to work for candidates, and forming political action committees (PACs). 2.PACs are political funding vehicles created by the 1974 campaign finance reforms. To Learning Objectives LO 11.4

20 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman IV. How Groups Try to Shape Policy C.Litigation 1.Amicus curiae briefs – Written arguments submitted to the courts in support of one side of a case. 2.Class action lawsuits – Enable a group of people in a similar situation to combine their common grievances into a single suit. To Learning Objectives LO 11.4

21 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman IV. How Groups Try to Shape Policy D.Going Public Groups try to 1.cultivate a good public image; 2.build a reservoir of goodwill with the public; 3.use marketing strategies to influence public opinion of the group and its issues; and 4.advertise to motivate and inform the public about an issue. To Learning Objectives LO 11.4

22 V. Types of Interest Groups A.Economic Interests B.Environmental Interests C.Equality Interests D.Consumer and Other Public Interest Lobbies To Learning Objectives

23 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman V. Types of Interest Groups A.Economic Interests 1.Labor – Union organizations press for policies to ensure better working conditions and higher wages. 2.Business – Interests generally unified when it comes to promoting greater profits but are often fragmented when policy choices have to be made. LO 11.5 To Learning Objectives

24 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 11.5

25 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman V. Types of Interest Groups B.Environmental Interests 1.Environmental groups promote policies to control pollution and to combat global warming, wilderness protection, and species preservation. 2.They oppose supersonic aircraft, nuclear power plants, drilling in Alaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, and strip mining. To Learning Objectives LO 11.5

26 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 11.5

27 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman V. Types of Interest Groups C.Equality Interests 1.Two sets of interest groups, representing minorities and women, have made equal rights their main policy goal. 2.Equality groups press for equality at the polls, in housing, on the job, in education, and in all other facets of American life. To Learning Objectives LO 11.5

28 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman V. Types of Interest Groups D.Consumer and Other Public Interest Lobbies 1.Public interest lobbies – Groups that seek a collective good, and the achievement of which will not selectively and materially benefit the membership or activists of the organization. 2.Consumer groups – In 1973, Congress responded to consumer advocacy by creating the Consumer Product Safety Commission, which it authorized to regulate all consumer products and to ban products that were dangerous. To Learning Objectives LO 11.5

29 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Agricultural Groups American Farm Bureau

30 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Business Groups

31 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Labor Unions Fraternal Order of Police

32 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Professional Groups

33 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Societal Groups

34 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Caused-based/Public Interest Groups

35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman VI. Understanding Interest Groups A.Interest Groups and the Scope of Government 1.Interest groups seek to maintain policies and programs that benefit them. 2.Interest groups pressure government to do more things. 3.As the government does more, more groups form to get more. To Learning Objectives LO 11.6

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