1. Diversity Of Life

2. Characteristics of Living Things Living things are made of cells. Living things obtain and use energy. Living things grow and develop. Living things reproduce. Living things respond to their environment. Living things adapt to their environment.

7. TAXONOMY The Science of Classifying Organisms

8. Why do we need to classify?

9. When you have a lot of information, it is best to organize and group items so that you can find them easier or easily see their relationship to other items ….this is why we CLASSIFY Even websites must organize their products

10. Scientists also need a way to *NAME* organisms The “common names” used by people can sometimes be misleading or confusing In order to communicate effectively, biologists need a CONSISTENT naming protocol. *Check out these slides of confusing names…..

11. Photo Credits Sea Lion: Bill Lim Ant Lion: Amphioxus Lion: law_keven Sea Lion? Antlion? Lion?

12. Which one of these is NOT actually a bear? Photo Credits Panda: Chi King Koala: Belgianchocolate Black Bear: SparkyLeigh

13. What kind of organism is it? Photo Credit: Audringje; flickr Sea Horse

14. What kind of organism is it? Sea Monkey

15. What kind of organism is it? Spider Monkey

16. Consider this……….. Grey wolves can be white, black and any shade of gray. Are all “Grey Wolves” gray? Are all “Black Bears” black? Black bears can also be brown or gray Which is more venomous – a water moccasin or a cottonmouth? A cottonmouth and a water moccasin are the same animal – the names vary by region.

17. Naming and Organizing are part of the same process The system was developed by Carolus Linnaeus who used Greek and Latin names for organisms He also created a system where we place all organisms into a few *large* groups - KINGDOMS - and then those groups are further divided into smaller groups

18. Grouping Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Each group gets smaller and more specific – just think of the way you file things on your computer into folders and subfolders

19. To help you remember the list DEAR KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GREAT SOUP Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

21. Humans KingdomAnimalia PhylumChordata ClassMammalia OrderPrimate FamilyHominidae GenusHomo Speciessapiens The scientific name is always the genus + species Humans = Homo sapiens Photo by atomicshark

22. What are the scientific names of each of these organisms? Which two are most closely related?

23. Naming Organisms The system of naming is called BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE - which means it is a 2-name system. A common naming system allows relationships to be seen between organisms

24. More on Naming.. Scientific names must either be underlined or italicized The genus is always capitalized, the species is lowercase Can be abbreviated. Ex. P. leo and P. tigris

25. What is a species? Defined as organisms that can interbreed with on another, and produce fertile offspringe

26. Check for Understanding 1. Fill in the blanks: _____, Kingdom, _____, Class, Order, _____, Genus, _____ 2. Which two groups are used for an organism's scientific name? 3. Which of the following pairs is MOST closely related? Acer rubrum & Acer saccharum Acer rubrum & Chenopodium rubrum 4. The system we use for naming is called ____________ nomenclature. 5. The science of classification is called ________________

27. Three Domain System Domain Eukarya - includes organisms composed of eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, fungi, protists) Domain Bacteria - includes only prokaryotic cells, Kingdom Eubacteria (true bacteria) Domain Archaea - includes only prokaryotic cells, Kingdom Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria)

29. The Kingdoms There are currently 6 kingdoms – all life can be placed into one of those 6. Classification into a kingdom is based on observable criteria o Number of cells o How it obtains energy o Type of cell

30. Review Questions Why do scientists classify organisms? What are the names of the successively smaller divisions of the classification system designed by Linneaus? Which two divisions do we use for scientific naming? How many Domains are there? Which types of cells will you find in each Domain? How many Kingdoms are there?

31. Dichotomous Keys

32. Dichotomous Key Dichotomous key means – dividing sharply in two distinct groups Scientists use this method to sort organisms by like traits This system allows us to recognize relatedness

34. Martin Sally Robert Elizabeth Mary-lou Gregory

35. Example Questions Is the person a man? Does the person have brown hair? Does the person wear glasses? Does the person have blond hair? Does the person have blue eyes?

36. Dichotomous Keys can be either a flow chart, or a table of questions.

38. Reading a Dichotomous Key Start at the top of the table, or the flow chart Answer the questions about the selected organism until you reach a name Repeat with successive organisms as required

39. Using the key provided, identify each of the following fish

40. Make your Own Dichotomous Key Proceed to the lab There are flowers placed around the lab with common names Create your own key that can be used to identify each of these flowers