1. DNA and the genetic code

2. Write out the following DNA organic bases and match them with their specific and complementary base pairs: A G T A C C C T G A A G T A G A T G C A T

3. DNA organic bases matched with their specific and complementary base pairs: A G T A C C C T G A A G T A G A T G C A T A A A A A T T T T T T T G G G G C C C C C

4. See p9 of HB

5. Remember that: A gene is a sequence of organic bases on DNA that code for the order of amino acids to make a polypeptide chain (or protein) Complete the top third of your handbook p11 now. produce proteins (including enzymes) genes

6. Important points: See HB p11 and highlight these points in 3 different colours: 1)The order (or sequence) and number of amino acids differ from one protein to the next. 2)It is the order (or sequence) of organic bases on DNA that determines the order of amino acids in a protein. 3)Different sequences of bases on DNA code for different amino acids.

7. Do the task at the top of HB p12 starting from ’Only one of these strands actually codes for the protein….’ DNA code = GCG TGC GAA TCA Amino acids Arg – Thr – Leu – Ser Coded for =

8. So…. DNA codes for proteins. The sequence of organic bases down the DNA controls the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. Remember, this is called the Primary structure of a protein. This genetic information is passed on to daughter cells during mitosis cell division, when the DNA replicates.

9. How many organic bases along DNA are needed to code for each individual amino acid? Fact = There are 20 different types of amino acids. If one organic base on DNA coded for one amino acid - only 4 amino acids could possibly be coded for. (This is not enough!) If 2 organic bases along DNA coded for each amino acid – only 4X4 = 16 amino acids could possibly be coded for. (This is still not enough!) If 3 bases coded for each amino acid – 4X4X4 = 64 amino acids could possibly be coded for. (This is now more than enough!)

10. The Triplet Code

11. Note: These codes are from mRNA where there is always a U (Uracil) organic base put instead of a T (Thymine) base. THE GENETIC CODE IS A TRIPLET CODE OF ORGANIC BASES

12. The Genetic code It is a Triplet Code – three organic bases code for one amino acid. It is Universal – the same triplet, codes for the same amino acid in all organisms on the planet! It is Non Overlapping – an individual base does not occur in more than one triplet. GCGTGCGAA GCGTGCGAA It is Degenerate – there is more than one code for some amino acids (ie It has spare coding power). Within a gene some parts are coding regions of DNA (called EXONS), some regions are non coding regions (called INTRONS). Other non-used DNA sections are called ‘Multiple repeats’. A ‘stop’ triplet codes for the end of a particular gene. Often it is only the first two bases of the triplet that are specific for a particular amino acid and any third base will do. “A gene is the sequence of bases in DNA that codes for the order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain” note polypeptide is a better word than protein. DNA  protein/enzyme  control cell Features of the code:

13. EXON = coding region of DNA INTRON = non coding region of DNA Now do diag of a single chromosome from JA’s pdf Draw and label a homologous pair of chromosomes from JA’s pdf.

14. Diagram of a Chromosome

16. EXON = coding region of DNA INTRON = non coding region of DNA Now complete bottom half of p11 in your handbook and the first question at the top of handbook p12.

17. Now complete bottom second half of handbook p12.

18. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON BOTTOM HALF OF HB p12

19. Diploid Number of Chromosomes A term used for cells in which the nucleus contains 2 sets of chromosomes (ie in ‘body cells’ not gametes). (2n) In Humans the Diploid number of chromosomes is 46.

20. The diploid number of chromosomes in a human cheek cell is 46

21. Alleles Alleles are different forms of the same gene Eg The gene for eye colour will have several different alleles – an allele for blue eyes, an allele for brown eyes, an allele for green eyes etc. The alleles of a particular gene are found at the SAME GENE LOCUS on a pair of homologous chromosomes (see diag on next slide)……….

23. Alleles (continued) Different alleles of the same gene do have some different DNA organic base sequences along them and therefore different alleles code for a different sequence of amino acids and hence a different protein!

24. The protein would fold differently due to different places that hydrogen, ionic and disulphide bonds have occurred. This would lead to a different tertiary structure.

25. 1.If a different organic base appears in the sequence for a gene. 2.This could code for a different amino acid. 3.Leads to different primary structure of the polypeptide chain. 4.Polypeptide then folds differently into a different tertiary shape for the protein. (bonds occur in different places). 5.If the protein is an enzyme, the active site may be changed. 6.Now the substrate can’t bind to the active site/ no enzyme substrate complexes form. 7.Protein/enzyme is said to be non-functioning.

26. Answer the ‘peach box’ summary questions 1,2 and 3 on the top of AS textbook p137. Complete the ‘green Application exercise’ Q1 just parts (a) and (b) page 137. Now check your answers from p249 section 8.2. The answer to Q3 is VERY IMPORTANT, ensure you have this written down in full.

27. HW (challenge!) Experimental evidence for DNA replication being semi-conservative Read textbook p166-167 extremely carefully. Use this info to complete bottom p13 and p14 of handbook (part 3) Do meiosis next.