1. Cloning, Meiosis & Reproduction in Flowering Plants

2. Cloning Cloning is the process of forming identical genetic offspring from a single cell. It is a natural process that happens daily in nature when organisms produce exact duplicates of themselves by asexual reproduction (binary fission, budding…). Cloning is referred to as asexual reproduction because the DNA originates from a single parent.

3. The First Clone Cloning started in 1958 when Frederic Stewart grew a carrot from root cells. Clones are not actually identical in appearance; rather they are identical in genetics.

4. Dolly the Sheep In 1996, Dolly the sheep, a species much more complex than simple plants or bacteria, was cloned. She was the first fertile clone! This is the most famous cloning case to date. However, Dolly showed signs of premature aging, possibly due to using specialized somatic cell nucleus.

5. How Dolly was Cloned:

6. Other Clones Dolly the Sheep (1996) Tetra the Rhesus monkey (2000) Xena the Pig (2000) Alpha and Beta Male Cattle (2001) CC the Cat (2001) Idaho Gem & Utah Pioneer the Mules (03) Dewey the Deer (2003) Prometea the Horse (2003)

7. Meiosis: creating cells for sexual reproduction

8. Meiosis Meiosis is a form of cell division & is similar to mitosis. However, meiosis produces eggs and sperm for sexual reproduction. (sex cells) In sexual reproduction half the genetic information comes from each parent. Therefore, egg and sperm cells must have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Egg and sperm cells are NOT genetically identical to the parent cell like you see in mitosis.

9. How meiosis works: First, the genetic material must be replicated so that each daughter cell can be given the appropriate amount of genetic information. This occurs in Interphase. Second, the genetic material must be divided twice so that each of the four daughter cells gets a set of information. Interphase  PMAT  PMAT  Interphase

11. Reproduction in Flowering Plants

12. Plants use sexual reproduction two plants combine to make one zygote through the process of fertilization of a female sex cell by a male sex cell. Some plants have separate sexes with one type of sex organ on each (poplar trees), while some plants have both sexes on one plant – hermaphrodites (tomatoes). Most plants develop or mature in one growing season.

13. Plant Sex Organs Plant sex organs are very different than humans. Male Sex Organs:  Stamen- the male reproductive structure of the flower (anther, pollen & filament)  Anthers – create pollen, located on the tips of stamen  Pollen – male sex cells  Filament – long stalk that supports the anther Female Sex Organs:  Pistil – The female reproductive structure of the fSticky surface for the pollen to land on.  Eggs – female sex cells  Style – traveling chamber from stigma and ovary.  Ovary – holds the egg. Plant sex organs vary in length, size, colour, and shape from plant to plant.

14. Anatomy of a Flowering Plant 7.3a Stigma Stem Sepal Petal Filament Anther Pollen Style Ovary Eggs

16. Pollination  The process by which pollen moves from an anther to the stigma so pollen can fertilize the egg.  Can occur between plants or in the same plant.  Wind, gravity, insects, animals, and water can carry pollen. It is beneficial for pollen to be spread over large areas for greater genetic disbursement.

17. Fertilization The combining of pollen and eggs to produce a zygote. In plants, the zygote is better known as seeds. In some plants the ovary enlarges into fruit, therefore we are actually eating ovaries. Fruit is used for protection and disbursement ex. A bear eats berries and leaves seeds through its droppings.

18. Practice and Review Fill in the chart provided (flower parts and life cycle of a tomato plant) using pages 208-210 in your text Text questions: p197 #8, p207#3-4, p209 #1-4