1. Introduction to Earth Science The Scope of Earth Science

2. The scope of Earth Science is vast………………… This broad field science can be broken into 5 major areas. This broad field science can be broken into 5 major areas. Astronomy Astronomy Meteorology Meteorology Geology Geology Oceanography Oceanography Environmental Science Environmental Science What is astronomy? The study of objects beyond Earth’s atmosphere

3. Prior to the invention of telescopes……………… At first things were just described as they were in relationship to each other such as the constellations. At first things were just described as they were in relationship to each other such as the constellations. The constellations are totally imaginary things that poets, farmers and astronomers have made up over the past 6,000 years (and probably even more!). The real purpose for the constellations is to help us tell which stars are which, nothing more.

5. Meteorology is the study of forces that cause atmospheric change These forces of change produce weather These forces of change produce weather Used to forecast weather Used to forecast weather Determines climate Determines climate

6. Geology is the study of materials that make up the Earth This includes; This includes; Processes that form and change these materials Processes that form and change these materials History of planet and life forms History of planet and life forms Identification of rocks Identification of rocks Study of glacial movements Study of glacial movements Determination of how forces change the planet Determination of how forces change the planet

8. Oceanography is the study of Earth’s oceans Study salt water creatures Study salt water creatures Measure different physical and chemical properties Measure different physical and chemical properties

9. Environmental science studies the interactions between organisms and their surroundings Study of how organisms impact environment Study of how organisms impact environment Energy sources Energy sources Pollution Pollution Population growth Population growth Chemistry Chemistry Physical science Physical science Biology Biology

10. There are 4 main Earth systems Geosphere Geosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Hydrosphere Hydrosphere Biosphere Biosphere Each system is unique yet each system interacts with the others Each system is unique yet each system interacts with the others

11. The geosphere is the area of the Earth’s surface down to the center Crust = outer most layer (2 kinds) Crust = outer most layer (2 kinds) Continental crust Continental crust Oceanic crust Oceanic crust Mantle= just below crust Mantle= just below crust Core = below the mantle Core = below the mantle

12. Atmosphere is the gas(s) that surrounds our planet 78% Nitrogen 78% Nitrogen 21% Oxygen 21% Oxygen Remaining 1% include water vapor, argon, carbon dioxide, and other trace gases Remaining 1% include water vapor, argon, carbon dioxide, and other trace gases Atmosphere provides O2, protects organisms from radiation, and maintains temperature Atmosphere provides O2, protects organisms from radiation, and maintains temperature

13. Hydrosphere includes all of the water on Earth 97 % is salt water 97 % is salt water 3 % is freshwater in glaciers, rivers, lakes, and ground water 3 % is freshwater in glaciers, rivers, lakes, and ground water

14. Biosphere is where all living organisms exist Includes all of the Earths systems and their interactions Includes all of the Earths systems and their interactions Organisms continue to change constantly Organisms continue to change constantly Will be studied further in units 3,4,6,and7 Will be studied further in units 3,4,6,and7

15. Scientific Method Notice a problem Notice a problem Gather information(facts) Gather information(facts) Hypothesis Hypothesis Experimentation or testing Experimentation or testing Analysis and conclusion Analysis and conclusion

16. Experimentation Independent variable = factor that is changed by the experiment Dependent variable = the factor that was affected by the independent variable Control = the group in which no change was made

17. Investigation procedures can not always be controlled in nature For example one can not control the amount of rainfall in an experiment dealing with the effects on rain on an area For example one can not control the amount of rainfall in an experiment dealing with the effects on rain on an area Safety is always the most important issue Safety is always the most important issue Review safety procedures and symbols on pages 954 – 955 in this book Review safety procedures and symbols on pages 954 – 955 in this book

18. Analysis and conclusions Processes, data, and conclusions must be carefully examined to eliminate influences by expectations and beliefs Processes, data, and conclusions must be carefully examined to eliminate influences by expectations and beliefs A scientist must be bias A scientist must be bias Many times a conclusion does not support the original hypothesis Many times a conclusion does not support the original hypothesis

19. Measurements are made in the metric system Based on 10 Based on 10 Copy chart on page 13 into your notes Copy chart on page 13 into your notes

20. Communication in Science Lab reports Lab reports Graphs = circle and bar graphs are visual information Graphs = circle and bar graphs are visual information Models = physical representations Models = physical representations Theory = possible explanation of an event Theory = possible explanation of an event Law = a statement of fact Law = a statement of fact