1. The American Nation Chapter 16 Slavery Divides the Nation, 1820–1861 Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

2. The American Nation Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. Section 1: Slavery in the Territories Section 2: The Compromise of 1850 Section 3: The Crisis Deepens Section 4: The Republican Party Emerges Chapter 16: Slavery Divides the Nation, 1820–1861 Section 5: A Nation Divides

3. Chapter 16, Section 3 The Crisis Deepens What was the goal of the Kansas-Nebraska Act? Why did violence erupt in Kansas and in the Senate? What impact did the Dred Scott case have on the nation?

4. Chapter 16, Section 3 The Kansas-Nebraska Act The ProblemThe Compromise of 1850 dealt mainly with the Mexican Cession, and not with the lands that were part of the Louisiana Purchase. Provisions of the Kansas-Nebraska Act Nebraska Territory was to be divided into two territories— Kansas and Nebraska. The settlers in each territory would decide the issue of slavery by popular sovereignty. The argument for the act Many people thought the act was fair because the Compromise of 1850 had applied popular sovereignty in New Mexico and Utah. Southerners hoped slave owners from Missouri would move into Kansas and make Kansas a slave state. The argument against the act The Missouri Compromise already banned slavery in Kansas and Nebraska. In effect, the Kansas-Nebraska Act would overturn the Missouri Compromise. Northerners protested by challenging the Fugitive Slave Act.

5. Chapter 16, Section 3 The Kansas-Nebraska Act

6. Chapter 16, Section 3 Violence Erupts in Kansas Kansas settlers were to settle the slavery issue by popular sovereignty. Proslavery and antislavery settlers fought for control of Kansas. Abolitionists brought in settlers from New England. Proslavery settlers also moved into Kansas, and proslavery bands from Missouri—Border Ruffians— often rode across the border into Kansas. In 1855, Kansas held elections. Border Ruffians voted illegally, helping to elect a proslavery legislature. Antislavery settlers refused to accept the legislature and elected their own governor and legislature. Kansas had two governments. A band of proslavery men raided the town of Lawrence, destroying homes and smashing the press of a Free-Soil newspaper.

7. Chapter 16, Section 3 Violence Erupts in Kansas (continued) Abolitionist John Brown led a band to the town of Pottawatomie Creek and killed five proslavery settlers there. The killings at Pottawatomie Creek led to more violence. Both sides engaged in guerrilla warfare, or the use of hit- and-run tactics. Newspapers started calling the territory “Bleeding Kansas.”

8. Chapter 16, Section 3 Violence Erupts in the Senate Charles Sumner of Massachusetts was the leading abolitionist senator. In one speech he denounced the proslavery legislature of Kansas and viciously criticized his southern foes, especially Senator Andrew Butler of South Carolina. A few days later Butler’s nephew, Congressman Preston Brooks, marched into the Senate chamber and with his cane beat Sumner until he was unconscious.

9. Chapter 16, Section 3 The Dred Scott Case What was the Dred Scott Case? Dred Scott filed a lawsuit, that is, a legal case brought to settle a dispute between people or groups. Dred Scott had been enslaved in Missouri. He moved with his owner to Illinois and then to the Wisconsin Territory, where slavery was not allowed. Scott with his owner returned to Missouri. When his owner died, Scott claimed that because he had lived in a free territory, he had become a free man. The case reached the Supreme Court as Dred Scott v. Sandford. What did the Supreme Court decide? Scott could not file a lawsuit because, as an enslaved person, he was not a citizen. Slaves were considered to be property. Congress did not have the power to outlaw slavery in any territory. This decision meant the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.

10. Chapter 16, Section 3 The Dred Scott Case White southerners White southerners were overjoyed. The decision meant that slavery was legal in all territories. What impact did the Dred Scott Case have? African American northerners Northern African Americans condemned the ruling and asked whites to join their efforts to end slavery. White northernersWhite northerners were shocked. They had hoped that if slavery were kept to the South, it would eventually just die out. Now, slavery could spread.

11. Chapter 16, Section 3 Section 3 Assessment After Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, violence broke out in Kansas because a) the Kansas-Nebraska Act backed up the Missouri Compromise. b) a congressman from Kansas beat up a senator from Nebraska. c) proslavery and antislavery forces were battling to gain control of the Kansas territory. d) slave owners tried to return Dred Scott to slavery. One reason the Supreme Court’s Dred Scott decision shocked some Americans was because the decision declared that a) Congress could outlaw slavery in any territory. b) northern African Americans could ask northern whites for help to end slavery. c) slaves were property in the same way that horses and sheep were property. d) Dred Scott was a second-class citizen. Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.Click here.

12. Chapter 16, Section 3 Section 3 Assessment After Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, violence broke out in Kansas because a) the Kansas-Nebraska Act backed up the Missouri Compromise. b) a congressman from Kansas beat up a senator from Nebraska. c) proslavery and antislavery forces were battling to gain control of the Kansas territory. d) slave owners tried to return Dred Scott to slavery. One reason the Supreme Court’s Dred Scott decision shocked some Americans was because the decision declared that a) Congress could outlaw slavery in any territory. b) northern African Americans could ask northern whites for help to end slavery. c) slaves were property in the same way that horses and sheep were property. d) Dred Scott was a second-class citizen. Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.Click here.