2. Principles of Evolution Chapters: 12, 13, 14

3. How did life begin? How did life begin?How did life begin?How did life begin?

4. The Bubble Model (1986) by Lerman  Chemical reactions of the primordial soup took place inside bubbles of fat molecules.  See page 255 in book

5. Primordial Soup (A.I. Oparin)  Early Earth atmosphere (N, Methane, ammonia)  Energy from sun, volcanoes, lightning  Chemical reactions created amino acids  Rain washed these into the ocean  Created the primordial soup.

7. A Brief History of Life  animation animation

8. Early Organisms  Prokaryotes are oldest organisms (3.5 billion years old)  Cyanobacteria – photosynthetic bacteria  Impact on atmosphere: Oxygen!!!!

9. Groups of bacteria  Eubacteria- “true bacteria”, ex. Ecoli  Archaebacteria – ancient bacteria,

10. Then came the eukaryotes  Appeared 1.5 billion years ago

11. Life moved onto land!!!

12. The Theory of Evolution Chapter 13

13. 13-1 Where did the theory of natural selection come from?  Pre Darwin:  (1809) Jean Baptiste de Lamark  Variation hypothesis – evolution occurs through acquired characteristics (body changes over time)  Example: giraffe neck length

14. Larmark: Aquired Characteristics

15. Evolution by Natural Selection  Charles Darwin (1859) Charles Darwin Charles Darwin  Journey of the H.M.S. Beagle – recorded all the plants and animals on journey

17. Darwin’s Observations  Observed gradual change – found fossils that were similar, but not identical, to the current day animal  On Galapagos island he observed finches that resembled those in South America

18. Darwin’s finches: notice the beaks

20. I. Natural Selection- survival of the fittest (Darwin) 1. Variations exist within populations

21. Theory of Natural Selection 2. Some variations (mutations) are more advantageous for survival and reproduction than others

22. Theory of Natural Selection Theory of Natural Selection 3. “fit”organisms survive and reproduce – genes are passed to offspring

23.  Isolation- leads to a new species, two population of same species can not breed  Extinction- leads to species replacement

24. Adaptations  Changing of a species that results in its being better suited to its environment (choosen by natural selection)  Mutations

25. Peppered Moth Example

26. Structural Adaptations  Mimicry  Camouflage  Warning coloration

27. Structural Adaptation: 1. Mimicry Example: Viseroy and Monarch Butterflies

28. Viceroy Monarch

29. 2. Camouflage 2. CamouflageCamouflage  adaptations that allows an organism to "blend" into it's environment  Examples:

30. More examples of Camo.: Sea Dragon

31. Structural Adaptation: Warning: Standing out Poison Arrow Frog

32. Warning and Mimicry

33. A regal ring-necked snake displaying its aposematic coloration

34. Physiological Adaptation Changes in metabolic processes: venom, warm vs. cold blooded

35. More physiological adaptations:

36. Behavioral Adaptations: examples

39. Jaguar – hunting methods – one bite – occipital crunchers

40. Evidence of Evolution

41. Fossil Evidence Fossil Evidence  Missing links between groups of organisms.  Compare fossils with current day species

42. Structures and Evolution  Homologous structures – agreeing  Similar structures and derived from the same body part.  Ex. Bone structure

44. Vestigial structures  Remnant of another structure  No function, reduced in size  Ex. Appendix, tailbones,wisdom teeth in humans, hipbones in whales,

45. Some Alleged Vestigial Organs in Man TonsilsTonsils Coccyx (tail bone)Coccyx (tail bone) AppendixAppendix Little toeLittle toe Wisdom teethWisdom teeth Nipples on malesNipples on males Nodes on ears "Darwin's points"Nodes on ears "Darwin's points" Ear muscles for wigglingEar muscles for wiggling Body hairBody hair

46. Darwin’s Points

47. Human Appendix

48. Human Tonsils

49. Analogous Structures :opposite  Similar in function, but different structures  Wing of butterfly vs wing of a bat

51. III. Embryo Development  Theory: aquatic, gill breathing vertebrates came before land, air breathers

53. DNA Evidence (biochemical)  DNA sequence studies are more reliable than fossil studies.

54. Human Evolution Chapter 14

55. Evolution of Primates  Includes Monkeys, apes, humans  Evolved 40 million years ago  3-D vision  Flexible shoulders/rotating forelimbs

56. Primate Characteristics cont.  Opposable thumb  Complex brains

60. Ardipithecus ramidus Ardipithecus ramidus  4.4 mya  Most primitive hominid  Discovered 1992

61. Australopithecus  Australopithecus anamnesis  - oldest upright primate  - 4.2 – 3.9 million years old

62. Australopithecus afarensis  “Lucy” –  3.5 – 2.9 million years ago  Teeth and pelvis resemble humans

63. Homo habilus  - handy human  - larger brain  - stone tools  - 1.5 to 2 million years old

64. Homo erectus  upright human  - built fires  - well made stone tools  - 1.5 million years old

65. HOMO ERECTUS

66. Modern Humans - Homo sapiens  wise human  - 125,000 years ago, African origins  - Neanderthals- heavy bodies  - 5 feet tall  - good hunters  - lived in caves  - buried dead  - did not make it

67. Cro-Magnon  slighter build and taller  - 35,000 years old  - direct ancestors to humans  - out competed Neanderthals  - caves  - elaborate tools  - artists

68. Cro-Magnon