1. A + Certification
Operating Systems

2. A + Certification
CompTIA A+ is part of the certification track for corporations such as Microsoft, Hewlett- Packard, Cisco and Novell. Other technology companies, including CompuCom and Ricoh, have made CompTIA A+ certification mandatory for their service technicians.

3. A + Required Exams CompTIA A+ 220-801 CompTIA A+ 220-802
Number of questions
Maximum of 90
Type of questions
Multiple choice and performance-based
Length of test
90 minutes
Recommended experience
Six to 12 months hands-on experience in the lab or field
Passing score
CompTIA A : 675 (on a scale of 900) CompTIA A : 700 (on a scale of 900)
Languages
English, Japanese, German, Thai, Spanish, Simplified Chinese, French, Arabic

4. The CompTIA A+ Certification is the starting point for a career in IT.
The exams cover maintenance of PCs, mobile devices, laptops, operating systems and printers.

5. Why CompTIA A+? Required for Dell, Intel and Lenovo service techs
Recognized by U.S. Dept. of Defense
An ANSI accredited Certifier
Vendor-neutral
Held by 900,000 IT professionals

6. Jobs that use CompTIA A+
Technical support specialist
Field service technician
IT support technician
IT support administrator
IT support specialist

7. Objectives Identify the operating system’s role.
Compare and contrast Window 2000/XP, Vista, and Windows 7 features.
Navigate the Windows Desktop environment.
Identify options for launching command line utilities.

8. Course Outline for the Operating System
Introduction to DOS
Installing Windows XP
Installing Windows Vista
Performing Preventative Maintenance
Troubleshooting
Feb. 13, 2014

9. Overview of the MS-DOS Operating System

10. Personal Computer Hardware

11. Basic Functions Four Functions of the microcomputer Input Processing
Output
Storage

12. Types of Software… Operating System (OS)
System Kernel
Device Drivers
User Interface
Network Operating System (NOS)
Application Software

13. Common Operating Systems
Microsoft operating systems
MS-DOS
Windows NT/2000
Windows XP
Windows Vista/7
Windows 8.1
Non-Microsoft operating systems
OS/2
UNIX
Linux
Macintosh OS X

14. The Kernel at the center
Processor
Hard Disk
Devices OS
Input/output
Memory

15. Drivers
Provide the way devices interact with the OS and the rest of the system.

16. Network Operating System
The NOS is optimized to provide interaction between other computers.

17. …Application Software
Provide the interaction between the computer and the user

18. OS Terms Version Source Shell GUI Network Cooperative Multitasking
Preemptive Multitasking
Multithreading

19. 1 - DOS Architecture and Setup

20. Functions of an operating system
File management
Interaction between software requests and hardware actions
Configuration of the working environment
Provision of a user interface
Security
Multitasking

21. DOS load sequence CPU executes routines from BIOS
POST and bootstrap
Boot sector starts the operating system
IO.SYS
MSDOS.SYS
CONFIG.SYS
COMMAND.COM
AUTOEXEC.BAT

22. BIOS Loads the Boot Record
Load the boot record into RAM, and move the instruction pointer to the boot record.
Instructions:
BIOS
ROM
RAM
Boot record
Storage
Memory
Processor

23. The Boot Record Loads Io.sys
BIOS
ROM
RAM
Io.sys SYSINIT routine
Load Io.sys into RAM, and move the instruction pointer to the SYSINIT routine.
Boot record
Instructions:
Storage
Memory
Processor

24. SYSINIT Takes Over BIOS Io.sys SYSINIT routine Storage Memory
ROM
RAM
Copy SYSINIT routine to a different location, and load Msdos.sys over the original SYSINIT.
SYSINIT routine
Io.sys SYSINIT routine
Instructions:
Msdos.sys
Storage
Memory
Processor

25. Msdos.sys Runs BIOS Io.sys Msdos.sys Storage Memory Processor ROM RAM
Initialize the hardware, activate the filing system, and move the instruction pointer to the SYSINIT.
SYSINIT routine
Io.sys Msdos.sys
Instructions:
Storage
Memory
Processor

26. SYSINIT Processes Config.sys and Loads Command.com
Use Msdos.sys routine to process Config.sys. Then load Command.com
BIOS
ROM
RAM
SYSINIT routine
Instructions:
Command.com
Config.sys
Io.sys Msdos.sys
Storage
Memory
Processor

27. (Total amount limited only by your hardware)
MS-DOS Memory Map
1 MB
640 KB KB KB
...
Conventional Memory
Upper Memory Area
High Memory Area
Extended RAM
(Total amount limited only by your hardware)

28. MS-DOS Boot Order IO.SYS MSDOS.SYS CONFIG.SYS (optional) COMMAND.COM
AUTOEXEC.BAT (optional)

29. DOS architecture IO.SYS MSDOS.SYS COMMAND.COM
Device drivers
MSDOS.SYS
Kernel
COMMAND.COM
Command interpreter
DOS shell
Internal commands
Errors if files are missing
IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS - missing operating system
COMMAND.COM - bad or missing command interpreter

30. DOS architecture CONFIG.SYS AUTOEXEC.BAT Extra device drivers
Memory management
Customized DOS system values
AUTOEXEC.BAT
TSR programs
Environment variables

31. Creating a boot floppy SYS A: FORMAT A: /S SETUP /F
Use to retain files already on disk
FORMAT A: /S
Use on an unformatted disk
Use when files already on disk are no longer needed
SETUP /F
Copies extra useful files such as SYS and FDISK

32. Configuring a hard drive
Create a partition or partitions
FDISK
Create the filing system
FORMAT (FAT16)
FAT and root directory
Install the operating system
Boot from disk 1
Run SETUP.EXE

33. FDISK command options
1. Create DOS partition or logical DOS drive 2. Set active partition 3. Delete partition or logical DOS drive 4. Display partition information 5. Change current disk drive

34. Create DOS partition or logical DOS drive
1. Create primary DOS partition
2. Create extended DOS partition
3. Create logical DOS drives in the extended DOS partition C
Primary DOS partition D
Extended DOS partition E
Logical drives in the extended DOS partition

35. ROM BIOS boot strap program
Set active partition
ROM BIOS boot strap program C
Primary DOS partition - ACTIVE D
Extended DOS partition E
Logical drives in the extended DOS partition

36. The FORMAT command /S SYSTEM /U UNCONDITIONAL /Q QUICK
/V: VOLUME LABEL
/C RETEST BAD CLUSTERS

37. DOS setup Boot from disk1 Install on to hard disk
Create emergency floppy disk
SETUP /F
FORMAT /S
SYS A:
Install optional Windows components
SETUP /E

38. DOS startup files CONFIG.SYS AUTOEXEC.BAT Loads device drivers
Performs memory management
Customizes DOS system values
AUTOEXEC.BAT
Executes DOS commands
Loads TSR programs
Anti-virus
Network
Applications
Creates environment variables

39. Bypassing startup files
Starting DOS…
Press F5 to bypass both files
Press F8 to step through each instruction in each file

40. CONFIG.SYS commands BUFFERS FILES COUNTRY INSTALL DEVICE or DEVICEHIGH
LASTDRIVE
NUMLOCK
DOS
SHELL
STACKS
FCBS
SWITCHES

41. AUTOEXEC.BAT commands ECHO PATH SET PROMPT UNDELETE SMARTDRV KEYB
SHARE
DOSKEY
MOUSE
MSCDEX
WIN

42. 2 – DOS File Structure

43. FAT File Allocation System Hierarchical System
A ROOT Directory and Sub-Directories
No two file may have the same name
Names are 8.3
Reserved Characters
Reserved Extensions

44. FAT cont. DOS reserves file names. DOS reserves extensions. .COM .EXE
.BAT
.INI
.SYS
.TXT

45. DOS PATH PATH is defined in the Autoexec.bat file
ROOT is identified with \
DOS searches C:\ then A:\ by default
Other paths must be defined.
Example is
PATH=C:\;C:\DOS;C:\WP

46. SYNTAX The way commands are entered There are two wildcards
* Matches any word
? Matches any character
Two types of DOS Commands
Internal
External

47. Memory management commands
HIMEM.SYS
DOS=HIGH
EMM386.EXE
DOS=UMB
LOADHIGH
DEVICEHIGH

48. Memory related commands
CONFIG.SYS
DOS=HIGH,UMB
DEVICE=C:\DOS\HIMEM.SYS
DEVICE=C:\DOS\EMM386.EXE (NOEMS or RAM)
DEVICEHIGH=xxxxxx
AUTOEXEC.BAT
LOADHIGH=xxxxx

49. Optimizing disk access
RAMDRIVE
Allows you to use RAM memory as if it is a hard disk
Use for temporary files
SmartDrive
Performs disk caching

50. Using a RAM drive Memory used as disk Much faster file access
Use for temp directory or R/O files
DEVICE=RAMDRIVE.SYS in CONFIG.SYS
Use /E to select Extended memory

51. Disk caching Read caching - anticipate reads
Write caching - delay writes
SMARTDRV in AUTOEXEC.BAT
Optimizing RAM for SmartDrive
SmartDrive or applications

52. ATTRIB Sets file attributes Read-only files cannot be deleted from DOS
Hidden
System
Archive
Read-only files cannot be deleted from DOS

53. CHKDSK
Check drive C
CHKDSK C:
Check and fix drive C
CHKDSK C: /F

54. SCANDISK Replaces CHKDSK Checks and fixes file and directory problems
Menu-based
Checks and fixes file and directory problems
Scans the physical surface of the drive

55. DEFRAG
Defragment files
Move files to contiguous disk space

56. Useful DOS commands Information Disks Directories Files
VER, DIR, MEM, TREE
Disks
FORMAT, UNFORMAT, SYS, FDISK, SCANDISK, DEFRAG
Directories
CD, RD, MD
Files
COPY, XCOPY, MOVE, DEL, UNDELETE, ATTRIB, REN, EDIT
Oct. 6, 2011

57. Disk File Systems
Fat 16
Fat 32
NTFS
Feb. 17, 2015

58. Allocation Units Fat 16 Partition Size Fat32 supports up to Clusters
16 – 128 MB
128 – 257 MB
257 – 511 MB
511 – 1024 MB
1 – 2 GB
Fat32 supports up to
Clusters 2 4 8 16 32
2 terabytes.

59. Allocation Units Fat 32 Partition Size Fat32 supports up to
512 MB (min. size)
512 – 8 GB
8 – 16 GB
16 – 32 GB
Over 32 GB
Fat32 supports up to
Only OSR2 and up.
Clusters 4 8 16 32
2 terabytes

60. Cluster Usage for a 41 KB file on a partition larger than 1 GB
Fat 16/32 compared
Fat 16 File system
Fat 32 File system
32 KB Cluster
Space used by file
4 KB Clusters
Space used by file
Wasted space
32 KB Cluster
4 KB Clusters
Wasted Space
Free Space
Cluster Usage for a 41 KB file on a partition larger than 1 GB

61. Device Manager ? Doesn’t know the device
Everything you ever wanted to know about your systems devices.
Resolving systems conflicts:
X Driver disabled
! There is a problem.
? Doesn’t know the device

62. File Management Virtual Memory Disk Caching Disk Conversion
Disk Compression
Oct 8, 09

63. Common Utilities Defragmenter Disk Clean
Clusters are arranged in their most commonly accessed order.
Often-used applications are stored in more favorable positions on the drive.
A log is created in C:\Windows\Applog\optlog.txt
Disk Clean

64. Common Utilities Scheduling the Utilities Use the Maintenance Wizard.
Use the Task Scheduler.
Use the System File Checker
Found in MSI under the Tools option.

65. Resource Monitoring
MSI
System Monitor
Resource Monitor
Device Manager

66. The Universal Driver Architecture
Windows 9x
Universal driver
Universal driver
Universal driver
Mini-driver
Mini-driver
Mini-driver
Network card
Printer
External
CD-ROM drive

67. The WDM Layered Architecture
Applications
Legacy virtualization driver
Device class driver
NTKERN.VXD
Device mini-driver
Bus class driver
NTKERN.VXD
Bus mini-driver
Hardware

68. The Components of the Display-driver Architecture
GDI
Mini Driver
VDD
Display Adapter
Display Device
VFLATD
DIBENG.DLL
Mini-VDD

69. Cooperative vs. Preemptive Multitasking
Task A
Cooperative
Control relinquished to
other tasks voluntarily.
Controlled by
applications.
Task B
Time
Task A
Task B
Preemptive
Control relinquished to
other tasks involuntarily.
Controlled by the
operating system.

70. System Resources Interrupt request (IRQ) Input/Output ports (I/O)
Memory addresses
Direct memory access (DMA) channel

71. Hardware Management Win32 Driver Model (WDM)
Provides a uniform interface to devices and drivers, regardless of the version of Windows running.
With 98, Windows NT driver model and Windows 95 driver model were brought together into a unified model.
WDM provides a common set of drivers that work in Windows 98 and future versions of Windows NT.

72. Win32 Driver Model (WDM)
WDM was first implemented in Windows 95 OSR2.1
The following Technologies are supported by WDM:
USB
IEEE 1394 (Firewire)
OnNow Power management
DVD platform
Digital audio platform

73. WDM Architecture Multi-layer design: Legacy Software Support:
All hardware specific functionality is contained in a single file, isolated from the rest of the layers.
Legacy Software Support:
A virtualization driver (VxD) is a 32-bit, protected mode driver that manages a system resource so that more than one application can use the resource at one time.
OS Service Translation:
This allow manufacture to design for both windows 98 and 2000.

74. Long File Name Support (LFN)
Can be up to 255 characters
Max with DOS path is 260 characters
Can include multiple spaces and periods
Cannot include illegal characters:
/\:*?”<>
Will preserve the case
Cannot have two file in the same directory with the same name in either upper or lower case.

75. Long File Name Support (LFN)
Will generate a 8.3 file name (Alias)
Base Name: first six legal characters
Numeric Tail: tilde (~) and a number
Extension: first three legal characters after the period.
Example:
File name…
Here is an example.txt
Becomes…
HEREIS~1.TXT (Notice the Capital letters for DOS)