1. Offshore pipelines as an investment under the Energy Charter Treaty Nikolaos Giannopoulos Phd Candidate, University of Athens

2. Fragmented Legal Framework Regulating Offshore Pipelines International Agreements Specific to Pipelines Regional Framework Agreements ▫ Umbrella Agreement on the Institutional Framework for the Establishment of Interstate Oil and Gas Transportation System (still on paper) Multilateral Environmental Agreements ▫ the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity, ▫ the 1971 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Soft Law Documents of International Organizations United Nations Law of the Sea Convention: traditional legal framework regulating the construction, operation, protection and decommissioning of offshore pipelines, but not aligned to investment protection Energy Charter Treaty: comprehensive general legal framework for long-term cooperation in the energy field

3. Models of offshore pipelines National pipelines model: patchwork of national regimes International model: single integrated entity Intergovernmental Agreements (IGAs) Host Government Agreements (HGAs)

4. Case Study: Investment protection of offshore pipeline under the ECT Investor - State Dispute Jurisdictional conditions under Article 26 of the ECT: a.the dispute relates to an alleged breach of an obligation of a Contracting State under Part III of the ECT b.the dispute relates to an “Investment”, c.the “Investment” must have been made in the “Area” of the Contracting State d.the claimant must be an Investor of a Contacting State, other than the Contracting State in which the investment was made e.the events which lie at the basis of the claim must have taken place when the ECT was in force between the parties.

5. Case Study: Investment protection of offshore pipeline under the ECT “Investment”: broad definition, virtually any right, property or interest in money or money’s worth The second of the ECT’s Understanding on Economic Activity in the Energy Sector includes: “ land transportation, distribution, storage and supply of Energy Materials and Products, e.g., by way of transmission and distribution grids and pipelines or dedicated rail lines, and construction of facilities for such, including the laying of oil, gas and coal-slurry pipelines” “Area”: not only territory, but also marine areas where State exercises jurisdiction or jurisdictional rights Provisional Application: Article 45(1) ECT Kardassopoulos v. Georgia, ICSID Case No. ARB/05/18, Decision in Jurisdiction, 6 July 2007 Yukos Universal Limited v. the Russian Federation, PCA, Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Case No. AA27, 30 November 2009 Regulatory Expropriation: degree of interference and effect on investor’s interests Non – pecuniary remedy: Possibility of withdrawal of detrimental regulatory measures

6. Investment Protection of offshore pipeline under the ECT within the EU EU law applicable to offshore pipelines (Gas Directive, Gas Regulation, Third Energy Package) affects the protection of investments ECT applies to intra-EU cases – no “disconnection clause” in the Treaty European Commission’s view: Arbitral tribunals should decline jurisdiction / admissibility in intra-EU disputes EU law is applicable law under Article 26(6) of the ECT EU law confers “equivalent protection” to investors, thus ECT cannot be violated when EU law is enforced Can Investors have legitimate expectations in regard to the consequences of the implementation by an EU member state of EU law? Electrabel v. Republic of Hungary, ICSID Case No. ARB/07/19, Decision on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law and Liability, 30 November 2012

7. Concluding Remarks: Towards an uncertain future for the ECT? International Energy Charter signed in May 2015 66 signatories, among them China potential for more coherent global energy governance But will the ECT survive in Europe? recent withdrawal of Italy wave of intra-EU disputes under the ECT arbitral awards may dissuade other States from acceding to ECT

8. Thank you for your attention! This paper was prepared under the Research Project “Energy at Sea” within the Research Funding Program ARISTEIA II, funded by the Greek Secretariat for Research and Technology