1. Chapter 4

2. Points to Remember  Normal end feel can be described as bony, soft tissue stretch, or soft tissue approximation  Abnormal end feel can be described as bony, boggy, empty, springy block, or muscle spasm  Types of arthrokinematic motion and roll, glide or spin.  According to the concave - convex rule, concave joint surface move in the same direction as the joint or body segment’s motion, while convex surfaces move in the opposite direction as the joint in motion  When a joint is congruent, it is in the close-packed (tight) position. When the joint is incongruent, it is in the open-packed (loose) position.

3. Osteokinematic Motion  End Feel: a subjective assesment of a quality of the feel when slight pressure is applied at the end of the joint  Normal bony end feel is characterized by a hard & abrupt limit to passive joint motion  Normal soft tissue stretch : a firm sensation that has slight give when the joint is taken to end ROM  Soft tissue approximation: when muscle bulk is compressed giving a soft end feel  Abnormal Boney feel – a sudden hard stop usually felt well before the end of normal ROM  Muscle Spasm – reflexive muscle guarding motion  Empty end feel – movement produces considerable pain  Springy Block - a rebounf movement is felt at the end of the ROM

4. Accessory Motion Terminology  Component Movement – are motions that accompany active motion but are under voluntary control  Joint Play Movements – passive movements between joint surface done by passing applying external force  Joint Mobilization – a passive oscillatory motion or

5. Convex- Concave Rule  Important: knowing that a joint surface is concave or convex is important because shape determines motion  Concave-Convex Rule: describes how the differences in shape of bone ends require joint surfaces to move in a specific way during joint movement A concave joint surface will move on a fixed convex surface in the same direction the body segment is moving  The Concave joints surface moves in the same direction as the body segment motion  The Convex joint surface moves in the opposite direction as the body segment motion

6. Accessory Motion  Traction – occurs when external force exerted on a joint, causing the joint surface to pull apart  Approximation – occurs when external force is extended on a joint, causing the joint surface to be pushed close together  Shear – occurs when panedel to the surface, shear force results in a glide motion at the joint  Bending – occurs when an other- than – vertical force is applied, resulting in compression of the concave side and distraction on the convex side

7. Types of Arthrokinematic Motion  Roll: rolling of one joint surface to another  Glide/ Slide: linear movements of the joint surface to other joints  Spin: Rotation of a moveable joint surface on a fixed curve

8. Chapter 3

9. Types of Joints  Joint – a connection between 2 bones to allow motion

10. Types of Joints  Fibrous Joint – has a thin layer of fibrous periosteum between the 2 bones, such as in the suture of the skull Synarthrosis: the ends of the bones are shaped to allow them to interlock. This joint has no motion between the bones, the purpose is to provide shape and strength Syndesmosis/Ligaments: ligaments intercross membranes holding the joints together. Twisting or stretching movement Gomphosis: “ bolting together” joint occurs between a tooth and wall of its dental socket in the mandible maxilla

11. Types of Joints  Cartilaginous Joint/ Amphiarthrodial : Small amount of motion such as bonding or twisting, and some compression

12. Types of Joints  Synovial Joint/ Diarthrodial allow free motion not as stable  Joints: Nonaxial: glides; “Plane” Uniaxial Joint: 1 plane around 1 axis; “Hinge” or “Pivot” Biaxial Joint : 2 different directions for 1 joint; “Condyloid” or “Saddle” Trixial Joint : occurs in 3 axes; “Ball and Socket”  Shapes of Joints Pivot Joint: pivot motion is a transverse plane around the longitudinal axis Condyloid Joint: bidirectional motion Saddle Joint : fits together like a horseback rider on a saddle

13. Types of Joints # of AxesShape of JointJoint Motion NonaxialPlane (Irregular)Gliding UniaxialHingeFlexion/Extension PivotRotation BiaxialCondyloid (Ellipsoidal)Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction SaddleFlexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Rotation (Accessory) Triaxial (multiaxial)Ball and SocketFlexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Rotation

14. Degrees of Freedom  Uniaxial jt has motion around 1 axis and in 1 plane = 1 degree of freedom  Biaxial jt = 2 degrees of freedom  Triaxial jt = 3 degrees of freedom  3 degrees of freedom is the max # an individual jt can have  How many degrees of freedom does the arm have?

15. Planes and Axes  Planes of action – fixed lines of reference along which the body is divided  Sagital Line - passes through the body into the right and left parts  Frontal Plane (Coronal Plane) – Passes through the body from side to side and divides the body from side to side and divides the body into front and back parts  Transverse Plane (Horizontal Plane) – Passes through the body horizontally and divides the body into equal parts  Cardinal Plane – whenever a plane passes through the body horizontally and divides the body into top and bottom parts  Center of Gravity – the point where the three cardinal planes intersect each other  Sagital Axis – a point that runs through a joint from side to side  Vertical Axis (Longitudinal Axis) – runs through a joint from top to bottom

16. Joint Structure  Bones – articulate the amount and direction of motion  Ligaments – connective tissue to help control joint motion  Capsule – protects joints and bone surfaces  Synovial Membrane- a vascular connective tissue that secretes synovial fluid  Synovial Fluid – a thick, clear fluid, that lubricants the articular cartilage  Articular Cartilage – covers the ends of opposing bones. Provides blood.  Fibrocartilage – Shock absorber weight banning joints like knee  Elastic Cartilage – Help maintain a structure's shape  Tendon – connect muscle to bone  Bursae - padlike sacs in joints

17. Levers  Limbs are like machines  The action of a muscle pulling on a bone often works like a type of simple machine called a LEVER.  1 st CLASS LEVER: the weight and force are on the opposite sides of the fulcrum/axis (the fulcrum/axis is the middle)  2 nd CLASS LEVER: the load/weight is between the fulcrum and the force (the load/weight is in the middle)  3 rd CLASS LEVER: the force in between the fulcrum and the load (the force is in the middle)

18. Common Pathological Terms  Dislocation: Complete separation of the 2 articular surface of a joint  Subluxation: Partial dislocation of a joint, usually occurs over a period of time (degenerative arthritis)  Osteoarthritis: type of arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one of the most joints  Sprains: partial or complete tearing of the ligament fibers  Strain: overstretching the muscle fibers as with sprains and strains

19. Common Pathological Terms  Tendonitis – is an inflammation of the tendon  Synovities – is an inflammation of the synovial membrane  Tendosynovitis- an inflammation of the tendon sheath and is often caused by repetitive use  Bursitis – an inflammation of the bursa  Capsulitis – and inflammation of the joint capsule

20.  Did you know turtles can breathe through their butts?(: