1. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.8-1 Chapter 8: Physical Growth in Preschool Children 8.1 Physical Growth 8.2 Motor Development 8.3 Health and Wellness 8.4 Child Neglect and Maltreatment

2. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.8-2 8.1 Physical Growth Body Growth Brain Development Sleep

3. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.8-3 Body Growth Growth slows and is more stable during preschool years Loss of fat and changing proportions Cartilage turns to bone Usually have all 20 primary teeth

4. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.8-4 Average Growth During Preschool Years

5. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.8-5 Changing Body Proportions

6. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.8-6 Tooth Development

7. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.8-7 Brain Development Preschool years a time of rapid growth for brain Synaptic pruning continues Myelinization continues, particularly of the corpus callosum and sensory and motor regions of the brain Brain becomes more specialized

8. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.8-8 Development of Brain Source: Lemire et al., 1975

9. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.8-9 The Brain

10. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.8-10 Sleep Amount of sleep decreases, including giving up naps around 4 years Bedtime struggles occur nightly in 20- 30% of children Some children have sleep disturbances: nightmares, night terrors, sleep walking, and bedwetting

11. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.8-11 Hours of Sleep

12. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.8-12 8.2 Motor Development Gross Motor Skills Fine Motor Skills Handedness Gender Differences in Motor Skills

13. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.8-13 Gross Motor Skills Big improvements in running and hopping Improved ability to catch and throw a ball Advanced motor skills lead to unstructured play

14. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.8-14 Development of Throwing and Catching

15. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.8-15 Fine Motor Skills Improved dexterity leads to more precise and delicate movements Greater fine motor skill means that children can feed and dress themselves Better grip of writing implements means improved drawings

16. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.8-16 Stages of Drawing

17. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.8-17 Handedness By 2 years, most children show a clear hand preference, 90% are right-handed Left-handed people are more likely to have migraines, allergies, and language- based problems Lefties are more likely to be artistically and spatially talented

18. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.8-18 Gender Differences in Motor Skills Boys tend to be more muscular and more active Boys better at running and throwing Girls tend to be better at balancing, hopping, skipping, and fine motor activities

19. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.8-19 8.3 Health and Wellness Nutrition Threats to Children’s Development

20. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.8-20 Nutrition Preschoolers need to eat less per kilogram than infants and toddlers Some preschoolers become picky eaters Parents should encourage a well- balanced diet

21. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.8-21 Childhood Obesity in Canada Obesity rates tend to be linked to the following factors: Genetics Geography (regional differences) Socio-economic background

22. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.8-22 Threats to Children’s Development Minor illnesses are common (7-8 colds per year) Chronic illness, except asthma, is not common in childhood Stress and poverty are more likely to lead to injury and illness Hospital stays can be made less traumatic

23. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.8-23 8.4 Child Neglect and Maltreatment Consequences of Maltreatment

24. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.8-24 Consequences of Maltreatment When children are abused, their social, emotional, and cognitive development is often affected