1. The West Between the Wars (1919-1939) Modern World History St. John Bosco H.S. Mr. Cordova

2. Uneasy Peace … Uncertain Security New nations = new border disputes Many Germans vowed to alter T. of Versailles League of Nations too WEAK (& no U.S.) Rapid inflation in Germany (4 trillion marks = 1 dollar in 1923) Dawes Plan helped Germany recover Treaty of Locarno (1925) = improved Franco-German relations (lasting peace???) Kellogg-Briand Pact “outlawed war”

3. The Great Depression – U.S. European recovery & prosperity ended 1929 (U.S. stock market crash) “Depression” = low economic activity & high unemployment Economic crisis = INSTABILITY INSTABILITY = dramatic changes

4. Democratic States after the War Germany – Weimar Republic European gov’ts attempted reforms, but Depression could not be quickly fixed John Maynard Keynes = “Keynesian economics” --- Gov’t should improve infrastructure to help create jobs (deficit spending???)

5. The Rise of Dictators Between 1919-1939 all major Euro. Powers adopted some form of dictatorial gov’t EXCEPT Britain & France Totalitarianism = TOTAL control over citizens’ lives

6. Fascism in Italy - Mussolini Benito Mussolini – “IL DUCE” (the boss) Many Italians feared Communist takeover Large gap between Fascist policies & actual practice

7. A New Era in the Soviet Union 1921 Lenin ended “war communism” New Economic Policy (NEP) = modified capitalism 1922 Russia became the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 1924 – Lenin dies Joseph STALIN & Leon Trotsky battled for power Stalin wins and “removes” old Bolsheviks from power Five-Year Plans Collectivization = gov’t control of farms

8. Authoritarian vs. Totalitarian An Authoritarian state (gov’t) wants to maintain social order – will use all powers to do so A Totalitarian state (gov’t) seeks control over all aspects of society – create a new mass society Many Parliamentary systems failed & became Authoritarian systems

9. Hitler and His Views Failed secondary school Rejected by Vienna Academy of Fine Arts Racism, anti-Semitism and extreme Nationalism Propaganda & terror Social Darwinism Entered politics after WWI – 1921 – Started the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi Party) Failed uprising=prison Wrote Mein Kampf - Nationalism, anti- Semitism and anticommunism

10. The Rise & Victory of Nazism Hitler’s power/influence grew – many right-wing industrialists, aristocrats, military officers, & high- level bureaucrats wanted him to lead Germany 1933 – Nazis pressured President Hindenburg = Hitler becomes Chancellor Mar 1933-Reichstag (legislature) – passes Enabling Act = Hitler can ignore constitution Concentrations camps for all opponents Hitler = Führer (leader)

11. The Nazi State 1933-1939 Totalitarian State Hitler wanted Aryan racial state to control Europe (& World) Third Reich (empire) “SS” – Heinrich Himmler (terror) Improved economy -public works projects -grants to private construction companies -massive rearmament program Nuremberg Laws Kristallnacht

12. Mass Culture: Radio & Movies Changes in mass communication Radio broadcasting – 1920s & 1930s By end 1930s – 40% adults saw one movie per week (industrialized nations) Nazis = propaganda – The Triumph of the Will (1934 Nazi Party rally at Nuremberg)