1. Chapter 14 Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources

2. Core Case Study: The Real Cost of Gold (1)
Mineral resources extracted from the ground…
Are processed into a variety of _______________
Provide us with economic benefits and ___________
The mining process also has a number of harmful
environmental effects
Example: Mining enough gold
to make a pair of rings for newlyweds
results in mining ___________ equal to the weight of more than _______ mid-size cars
products
jobs
waste
three

3. Core Case Study: The Real Cost of Gold (2)
In Australia and North America, mining companies level entire mountains of rock containing only ___________ concentrations of gold…
And to extract the gold, miners spray a solution of highly toxic _______________ salts onto huge piles of crushed rock
The solution than drains off the rocks, pulling some gold with it, into settling ______________.
Toxic to birds and mammals drawn to these ponds in search of _______________
Can also leak or overflow, affecting our _______________ water supplies
small
cyanide
ponds
water
drinking

4. Gold Mine with Cyanide Leach Piles and Ponds in South Dakota, U.S.
Figure 14.1: This gold mine in the Black Hills of the U.S. state of South Dakota has disturbed a large area of land. This site also contains cyanide leach piles and settling ponds that are highly toxic to wildlife in the immediate area.
Fig. 14-1, p. 346

5. Core Case Study: The Real Cost of Gold (3)
In 2000, snow and heavy rains washed out an ____________ ________ on one end of cyanide leach pond in Romania.
This dam’s collapse released large amounts of the mine’s waste water into the __________ and ____________ rivers
Communities along these rivers could not
__________or ____________ from the water
Businesses near the river were ___________ down
Thousands of fish and other aquatic animals and
plants were _______________.
Could this have been prevented if the mining company had installed a ________________ containment dam?
earthen
dam
Tisza
Danube
fish
drink
shut
killed
stronger

6. 14-1 What Are the Earth’s Major Geological Processes and Hazards?
Concept Dynamic processes move matter within the earth and on its surface, and can cause volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, erosion, and landslides.

7. The Earth Is a Dynamic Planet
What is geology? The science devoted to the study of dynamic processes taking place on earth’s _______________ and in earth’s _______________
Three major concentric zones of the earth
Core – very hot, _______________ part
Mantle – contains a layer of hot, flowing rock called the ___________________ that is covered by a rigid layer
Crust – outermost, ___________ layer; contains the ________________ and _____________ crust (71%)
The crust combined with the solid part of the mantle is called the _______________________
surface
interior
innermost
asthenosphere
thinnest
continental
oceanic
lithosphere

8. Mantle (asthenosphere)
Folded mountain belt
Volcanoes
Abyssal hills
Abyssal floor
Oceanic ridge
Abyssal floor
Abyssal plain
Craton
Trench
Oceanic crust (lithosphere)
Continental shelf
Abyssal plain
Continental slope
Continental rise
Continental crust
(lithosphere)
Mantle (lithosphere)
Mantle (lithosphere)
Figure 14.2: The earth’s crust and upper mantle have certain major features. The lithosphere, composed of the crust and outermost mantle, is rigid and brittle. The asthenosphere, a zone in the mantle, can be deformed by heat and pressure.
Mantle (asthenosphere)
Inside the mantle, _________________ cells or ____________ move
large volumes of rock and heat in loops.
convection
currents

9. The Earth Beneath Your Feet Is Moving (1)
The movement of heat within the mantle may have caused the lithosphere to break up into huge, rigid plates called ______________________
Move very slowly atop the asthenosphere
Typical speed is the rate at which _______________ grow
Throughout history, continents have split apart and joined as their underlying plates have moved
tectonic plates
fingernails

10. Divergent plate boundaries Convergent plate boundaries
EURASIAN PLATE
NORTH AMERICAN PLATE
ANATOLIAN PLATE
CHINA SUBPLATE
JUAN DE FUCA PLATE
CARIBBEAN PLATE
PHILIPPINE PLATE
ARABIAN PLATE
AFRICAN PLATE
INDIA PLATE
PACIFIC PLATE
PACIFIC PLATE
COCOS
PLATE
SOUTH AMERICAN PLATE
NAZCA PLATE
AUSTRALIAN PLATE
SOMALIAN SUBPLATE
Figure 14.4: This map shows the earth’s major tectonic plates. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Question: Which plate are you riding on?
SCOTIA PLATE
ANTARCTIC PLATE
Divergent plate boundaries
Convergent plate boundaries
Transform faults
Fig. 14-4, p. 349

11. The Earth Beneath Your Feet Is Moving (2)
Much of the geological activity at the earth’s surface takes place at the ___________________ between tectonic plates
Three types of boundaries between plates
Convergent boundaries – when an continental plate and an oceanic plate _____________, the continental plate usually rides above the oceanic plate…pushing it down in a process called ____________________
Subduction zone
If this occurs between two
oceanic plates, a _____________
forms
continental plates,
______________ form
boundaries
collide
subduction
trench
Subduction zone
mountains

12. The Earth Beneath Your Feet Is Moving (3)
away
2. Divergent boundaries - when oceanic plates move __________ from one another, magma flows up through resulting cracks
This creates _____________________, some of which have higher peaks and deeper canyons than continents have
3. Transform boundaries – occur when tectonic plates ___________ and grind past each other
oceanic ridges
Spreading center
slide

13. California’s San Andreas Fault: A Transform Fault
Figure 14.5: This is the San Andreas Fault as it crosses part of the Carrizo plain between San Francisco and Los Angeles, California (USA). This fault, which runs almost the full length of California, is responsible for earthquakes of various magnitudes. Question: Is there a transform fault near where you live?
Fig. 14-5, p. 350

14. Some Parts of the Earth’s Surface Build Up and Some Wear Down
Interior geologic processes: generated by ____________ from earth’s interior
Generally _______________ the earth’s surface
Ex: colliding continental plates, volcanoes
External geologic processes: driven by the _______ (flowing water and wind) and influenced by _________
Generally _______________ down the earth’s surface
Weathering - Physical, chemical, and biological processes that ________________ rocks into smaller particles
Erosion – material is dissolved, loosened, or worn away from one part of the earth’s surface and _________________ elsewhere
Due to wind, flowing water, human activities, glaciers
heat
builds up
sun
gravity
wear
break down
deposited

15. Volcanoes Release Molten Rock from the Earth’s Interior
An active volcano occurs when magma reaches the earth’s surface through a vent or long crack called a ______________
Magma that reaches the earth’ surface is called ___________
Volcanic activity can release large chunks
of lava rock, glowing hot ash, liquid lava,
and __________ (H2O, CO2, SO2)
1991 Mount Pinatubo Eruption
Killed ___________ of people in the Philippines
Wet ash heavy enough to ____________ buildings
Particles in the atmosphere reduced incoming solar energy and cooled avg. temperatures by 1 F ° for ______ months
fissure
lava
gases
hundreds
collapse 15

16. Benefits of Volcanoes Formation of ___________ and lakes
Extinct volcanoes
Benefits of Volcanoes
Formation of ___________ and lakes
Weathering of lava contributes to __________ soils
Eruption cloud
Ash
Acid rain
Ash flow
mountains
Lava flow
Mud flow
Central vent
Landslide
Magma conduit
fertile
Figure 14.6: A volcano is created when magma in the partially molten asthenosphere rises in a plume through the lithosphere to erupt on the surface as lava (photo inset), which builds into a cone. Sometimes, internal pressure is high enough to cause lava, ash, and gases to be ejected into the atmosphere or to flow over land, causing considerable damage. Some volcanoes that have erupted and then become inactive have formed islands or chains of islands.
Solid
lithosphere
Magma reservoir
Partially molten
asthenosphere
Upwelling
magma
Fig. 14-6b, p. 351

17. Earthquakes Are Geological Rock-and-Roll Events (1)
Forces inside the earth’s mantle and near its surface push, __________, and deform rocks
At some point, the stress can cause the rocks to suddenly ______________ or break
The built up energy is released in the form of vibrations called ___________________, which move in all directions through the surrounding rock
This internal geological process is called an ________________
stress
shift
seismic waves
earthquake

18. Major Features and Effects of an Earthquake
Focus – where an earthquake ________ underground
Epicenter – located on the earth’s _________ directly above the focus
Magnitude – measure of ground __________
Amplitude - _________ of the wave recorded on a seismograph
starts
surface
Figure 14.7: An earthquake (left), one of nature’s most powerful events, has certain major features and effects. In 2010, a major 7.0 earthquake in Haiti (right) killed at least 72,000 people and devastated this already very poor country.
motion
Earth Quake in Haiti
size
Fig. 14-7, p. 351

19. Liquefaction of recent sediments causes buildings to sink
Two adjoining plates move laterally along the fault line
Earth movements cause flooding in low-lying areas
Landslides may occur on hilly ground
Figure 14.7: An earthquake (left), one of nature’s most powerful events, has certain major features and effects. In 2010, a major 7.0 earthquake in Haiti (right) killed at least 72,000 people and devastated this already very poor country.
Shock waves
(seismic waves)
Focus
Epicenter
Fig. 14-7a, p. 351

20. Earthquakes Are Geological Rock-and-Roll Events (2)
Richter
_______________ scale
Insignificant: <4.0
Minor: 4.0–4.9
Damaging: 5.0–5.9
Destructive: 6.0–6.9
Major: 7.0–7.9
Great: >8.0
Largest recorded earthquake: ________ in Chile in 1960
9.5

21. World Earthquake Risk Ring of Fire Ring of Fire
Ring of Fire – high earthquake and volcanic activity
Figure 17, Supplement 8

22. Earthquakes on the Ocean Floor Can Cause Huge Waves Called Tsunamis
Tsunami, tidal waves
series of large waves generated when part of the ocean ______________ suddenly rises or drops
In deep water, the waves are __________ apart and their crests are not high
As the waves approach _________________ coastal water, they slow down and their height grows rapidly
Detection of tsunamis
____________ in open ocean
relayed to tsunami emergency warning centers
Many areas ___________ detection buoys
floor
far
shallow
buoys
lack

23. Undersea thrust fault Upward wave Bangladesh India Myanmar Thailand
Earthquake in seafloor swiftly pushes water upwards, and starts a series of waves
Waves move rapidly in deep ocean reaching speeds of up to 890 kilometers per hour.
As the waves near land they slow to about 45 kilometers per hour but are squeezed upwards and increased in height.
Waves head inland causing damage in their path.
Undersea thrust fault
Upward wave
Bangladesh
India
Myanmar
Thailand
Figure 14.8: This diagram illustrates how a tsunami forms. The map shows the area affected by a large tsunami in December 2004.
Sri Lanka
Malaysia
Earthquake
Sumatra
Indonesia
December 26, 2004, tsunami
Fig. 14-8, p. 352

24. Shore near Gleebruk in Indonesia before and after the December 2004 Tsunami
Figure 14.9: In December 2004, a great earthquake with a magnitude of 9.15 on the seafloor of the Indian Ocean generated a tsunami that killed 168,000 people in Indonesia, as well as tens of thousands more in other countries bordering the Indian Ocean. These photos show the Banda Aceh Shore near Gleebruk in Indonesia on June 23, 2004 before the tsunami (left), and on December 28, 2004 after it was stuck by the tsunami (right).
Killed about _____________ people and devastated many coastal areas of Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, South India, and Eastern Africa
In areas where mangrove forests had been ____________
the damage and death toll _________________
228,000
destroyed
increased
Fig. 14-9, p. 353

25. Review Questions
What are some of the environmental issues associated with gold mining?
The zone of hot, partly melted rock that flows beneath the lithosphere is called the ___________________
Which type of fault is the San Andreas Fault?
Land disruption, mining waste, toxic chemicals, slurry ponds
asthenosphere
A transform fault

26. Review Questions
Earthquake and volcanic activity is high surrounding the Pacific Ocean; this area is commonly called the…
Earthquakes on the ocean floor can cause huge waves called ___________________
Ring of Fire
tsunamis