1. Class Project Report Sustainable Air Quality, EECE 449/549, Spring 2009 Washington University, St. Louis, MO The Energy Analysis and Carbon Footprint of the Danforth University Center and its Causality Drivers The Energy Analysis and Carbon Footprint of the Danforth University Center and its Causality Drivers Instructors: Professor Rudolf B. Husar, Erin M. Robinson For more details see the class wikiclass wiki Students: Maiko Arashiro Alex Clark Neil Feinberg Mark Henson Kerry Herr Evan Kangas Janna Lambson Michael McDonald Katie Poeltl Cameron Smith Kharel Thompson

2. Class Project: Energy Analysis and Carbon Footprint of the Danforth University Center Specific Objectives: 1.Analyze energy usage in the DUC 2.Apportion the energy use to activities in the DUC 3.Determine carbon footprint of the DUC activities 4.Cost?? 5.Renewable energy analysis for electricity

3. DUC Description – OUTLINE ONLY REMOVE Space Summary - Services provided Energy Balance Expense Balance Carbon Balance

4. DUC Description Services to People Number of People/day…?? Dining Socializing Student Services? Other Infer from LEEDs …

5. DUC Space Usage Dining/Open Offices Kitchen Other Facilities? Directly from LEEDS : DUC

6. DUC Energy Balance In/Out, Btu Electricity Gas Hot Water Cold Water ?? Btu /day ? Btu /day ?? Btu /day ??? Btu /day VentilationCooking Hoods ?? Btu /day ‘Skin’ Activities Dining/Cooking Socializing Social Services ‘Leaks’ ?? Btu /day

7. DUC Energy Expense In/Out $$ Electricity Gas Hot Water Cold Water ??? $ /day VentilationCooking Hoods ??? $/day ‘Skin’ ? $/day ‘Leaks’

8. DUC Carbon Balance In/Out C Electricity Gas Hot Water Cold Water ??? C /day VentilationCooking Hoods ??? C /day ‘Skin’ ? C/day ‘Leaks’

9. Energy/Cost/Carbon Analysis by Energy Type – OUTLINE ONLY REMOVE Energy Overview Electricity –Lighting –Plug load –Pumps/Fans Natural Gas Hot Water Chilled Water Carbon Footprint Energy Recovery - HVAC Cost Analysis Renewable Energy Analysis for Electricity

10. Energy coming into the DUC This energy is the amount metered at the DUC in mBTUs

11. Raw Data, Daily Pattern

12. Diurnal Charts: Four Energy Streams

13. Electricity Distribution.. Detail? Kerry Diagrams – need data for

14. DUC Electricity Distribution ?? KWH /day Consumption ?? KWH /day Utilities?? Lighting HVAC – HV separate? Other?? ?? KWH /day

15. Cool and Hot Water Fit function CW f(Temp) Fit function HW f(Temp)

16. Gas Distribution

18. DUC Consumption By Application Heating (Elec., CW, HW, GAS) Ventilation/Cooling (Elec., CW, HW, GAS) Lighting (Elec., CW, HW, GAS) Appliances (Elec., CW, HW, GAS) Other Facilities? (Elec., CW, HW, GAS) Need usage pattern for each Consumption: Btu, $$, C

19. DUC HVAC Energy/ Recovery, Btu Exhaust Heat Recovery DUC Btu $$ Carbon Room Heat/Cool? Air Intake Pre heat. cool? Electricity? Hot/Chill Water Kerry Diagrams – need data for heat flow rates through AIR. In/Out/Recovery

20. ENERGY COSTS

21. DUC Carbon Footprint March-April Full Year estimate from Weather data

22. Renewable Analysis for Electricity

23. DUC is LEED building, so more efficient than the average building How much more efficient could it be with different power sources? Consideration of wind, solar, hydroelectric How much area is needed for wind/solar? How high must dam be to power DUC? Use 2008 campus analysis from Dan Giammar

24. Solar Power Analysis Cost of operation, installation, maintenance Square footage necessary Where is there available area for this installation? How long before the installation can pay for itself?

25. Solar Power Charts Showing averages of cost, etc.

26. Wind Power Analysis Cost of operation, installation, maintenance Square footage necessary Where is available area for this installation? Cost of building the structure, distributed over its lifetime How long before it pays for itself

27. Wind Power Charts Showing cost, averages, etc.

28. Hydroelectric Analysis How high must a dam be to supply this power to the DUC? Where is the closest place to build a small dam on the Meramac river? How much electricity could be lost in transmission?

29. Carbon Trading/Taxes Based on the carbon offsets of powering the DUC fully from renewables/carbon free sources, what kind of carbon trading, carbon tax money would be saved by Washington University? In general, how much carbon would we be reducing?

30. DUC Consumption by End-Use – OUTLINE ONLY REMOVE Pie chart showing how much carbon is associated with each activity in the DUC Office/Conference Rooms –Electricity –Hot Water –Chilled Water Kitchens –Electricity –Hot Water –Chilled Water –Natural Gas Social Common Areas –Electricity –Hot Water –Chilled Water Cost Analysis Carbon Footprint

31. Offices

32. Conference Space

33. Kitchens Energy use in restaurants and industrial kitchens can be divided into 5 categories, and energy is consumed in those areas in these proportions: The energy used for “food prep” is natural gas, while the other 4 activities use electricity.

34. Kitchens Total energy peaks at the lunch rush, and dies back down when food is no longer served Food prep, HVAC, and Sanitation are the most variable, and high energy consumers.

35. Kitchens Energy usage is much lower on the weekends than during the week. Peaks still occur at traditional meal times, but they aren’t as high.

36. Templates and Tools

37. Conclusions

38. Recommendations