1. Chapter 8 Food for Thought: The Globalization of Agriculture

2. Two major themes in this chapter Agriculture Figure 8.1 (p. 221) Globalization

3. Figure 8.3 (p. 223) Agriculture Relationship Between Agriculture and Food Production

4. Figure 8.2 (p. 222) Agriculture Agriculture is a major cause of environmental change

5. Figure 8.4 (p. 224) Agricultural Revolutions Probable culture-hearths and origins of agriculture First Agricultural Revolution

6. First Agriculture Revolution 12,000 years ago Planting seeds, cultivating plants and raising livestock

7. Second Agricultural Revolution Figure 8.5 (p. 226)

8. Second Agriculture Revolution Beginning around 1600s Changes in Feudal system, enclosure movements, migration to cities/urban areas Need to produce food for urban dwellers Before machines: –Crop rotation, improved collars for draft animals

9. After Industrial Revolution 19 th century – tractors, reapers, threshers, motors pump water, better transport, storage, barbed wire fencing Early 20 th century – chemicals (fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides)

10. Third Agricultural ("Green") Revolution

12. Third Agricultural Revolution Begins in 1940s hybrid grains for better yields, greater reliance on fertilizers and irrigation Genetically engineered crops (GMOs) come later in 1980s (not part of Green Revolution)

13. Production methods labor intensive vs. ? capital intensive

14. agriculture extensive agriculture vs. ?

15. commercial subsistence vs. ?

16. sedentary agriculture nomadism vs. ?

17. Irrigated versus non-irrigated Different forms of land ownership: - family farms - tenant farmers - sharecroppers - plantations - state-owned farms - garden plots - agribusiness Agribusiness and the globalization of agriculture

18. Globalization Time-space convergence Winners and losers in the global economy Free trade and comparative advantage Figures 8.6 and 8.7 (p. 230)) Export economy Traditional economy

19. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Implemented January 1, 1994 between the United States, Canada, and Mexico Decreased and eventually eliminated tariffs to encourage economic activity Dramatically increased trade between the three nations, from $337 billion in 1993 to $1.182 trillion in 2011.

20. NAFTA and Mexico Mexican comparative advantage in some agricultural crops Reduction in traditional peasant lifestyles and crop mixes Monoculture production for export: problems Economic rationale has adverse cultural and social effects Zapatista uprising

21. Globalization Figures 8.8 and 8.9 (p. 231)) Amazon roads and deforestation

22. Resistance to Globalization and Industrial Agriculture LDCs object to agricultural subsidies in the United States and the European Union: Unfair trade practices MDC consumers object to: Oil-based production system Environmental damage from pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers Unethical, inhumane treatment of animals Monoculture mass production threatens food security Emphasis on low nutrition processed foods Weakened local culture and traditions

23. Responses: Local Food Movement Restaurants and Chefs Promoting Local Food Organic Farming Urban and Community Gardens Grass-fed, free range ranching Farmer’s Markets Community Supported Agriculture (CSAs) Figure 8.10 (p. 232))

24. Remote sensing http://library.usgs.gov/ Amazon Rainforest, Bolivia Landsat 7 data acquired August 1, 2000

25. Output per unit land per unit time (e.g., tons per acre per year). Yield The intentional cultivation of crops and raising of livestock. Agriculture An industrialized, corporate form of agriculture organized into integrated networks of agricultural inputs and outputs controlled by a small number of large corporations. The collecting of roots, seeds, fruit, and fiber from wild plants and the hunting and fishing of wild animals. Hunting and Gathering Agribusiness Large-area farms or ranches with low inputs of labor per acre and low output per acre. Extensive Agriculture

26. Goods such as equipment and buildings used to produce other goods. Capital Agriculture in which a large amount of human work is applied per unit of output. Labor-Intensive Agriculture in which a large amount of capital is applied per unit of output. Small-area farms and ranches with high inputs of labor per acre and high output per acre. Intensive Agriculture Capital-Intensive Agriculture A large estate that produces a single cash crop. Mainly found now in the tropics. Plantation Agriculture that takes place in the immediate surroundings of a permanent settlement. Sedentary Agriculture

27. The original invention of farming and domestication of livestock 8,000–14,000 years ago and the subsequent dispersal of these methods from the source regions. First Agricultural Revolution A period of technological change from the 1600s to mid-1900s that started in Western Europe, beginning with preindustrial improvements such as crop rotation and better horse collars, and concluding with industrial innovations to replace human labor with machines and to supplement natural fertilizers and pesticides with chemical ones. Artificial watering of farmland. Irrigation Second Agricultural Revolution The application of biological science to the development of better strains of plants and animals for increasing agricultural yields. Green Revolution also known as the Third Agricultural Revolution

28. Self-sufficient agriculture, usually small scale and low tech, primarily for direct consumption by the local population. Subsistence Agriculture that uses a large area of land for production of a single crop year after year. Monoculture A farming method in tropical areas in which wild vegetation is cleared and burned before crops are planted. When the soil fertility is diminished, farmers abandon the land to restore itself naturally, and they move to new areas where they repeat the process. Also known as slash-and-burn agriculture. Agriculture primarily for the purpose of selling the products for money. Commercial Agriculture Shifting Cultivation

29. An integrated agricultural system in which crops are grown and fed to livestock. Mixed Farming The general class of activity for which land is used by humans in a particular area. Land Use The use of satellite images of the earth’s surface. The general class of material or vegetation that dominates the surface of the land in a particular area. Land Cover Remote Sensing Domesticated animals such as cows, sheep, and poultry that are raised and managed to produce meat, milk, eggs, wool, leather, etc. Livestock

30. Imports and exports between countries that are unrestricted by tariffs, quotas, or excessive approvals and paperwork. Free Trade The increasing economic, cultural, demographic, political, and environmental interdependence of different places around the world. Globalism A measure of how much distance discourages movement between places, based on the time, energy, or dollar cost that must be expended. Migratory movement of herders and their animals according to the availability of grazing land. Nomadism Friction of Distance

31. The interaction between global processes and local lifestyles. This continuum is a two-way process in which the local and the global shape each other. Global-Local Continuum The rate at which the time separating two places decreases because of improvements in transportation or communication technology. When one region is relatively more efficient at producing a particular product compared with other regions. Comparative Advantage Time-Space Convergence

32. After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Differentiate among agricultural landscapes. Understand how and why the same crops and livestock are produced in different ways in different regions of the world. Recognize different land uses in satellite images. Use remote sensing to study land use change.

33. Activity 1: Agricultural Landscapes and Production Methods Online Activity

34. Figure 8.11 (p. 245) Activity 3: Remote Sensing & Agricultural Land Use Change

35. Online Activity