1. Service Level Monitoring

2. Measuring Network Delay, Jitter, and Packet-loss  Multi-media applications are sensitive to transmission characteristics of data networks. –For instance, VoIP is sensitive to network delay and jitter, which can significantly impact voice quality.  The delay, jitter, and packet loss measurements can aid in the correct design and configuration of traffic priorities, as well as buffering parameters in the data networking equipment.

3. Defining Delay  Delay is the time taken for packets to travel across a network.  One-way delay calculations require clock synchronization across nodes.  Measuring round-trip delay is easier and requires less expensive equipment.  To get a general measurement of one-way delay, measure round-trip delay and divide the result by two.

4. Defining Jitter  Jitter is the variation in delay over time.  A jitter buffer temporarily stores arriving packets in order to minimize delay variations.  The more the jitter buffer, the better the network can reduce the effects of jitter.

5. Defining Packet Loss  Packet loss describes the percentage of packets transmitted over the network that did not reach their intended destination.  Packet Loss can occur for a variety of reasons including link failure, high levels of congestion that lead to buffer overflow in routers, Random Early Detection (RED), Ethernet problems, and the misrouted packet.

6. Cisco IP SLA Cisco IOS IP SLA enables measurement of jitter, latency, or packet loss between any two points in the network. IP Services can be simulated by specifying various packet sizes, destination port, class of service, packet spacing, and measurement frequencies Measurements per class of service to validate service differentiation for data, voice, and video Cisco IOS IP SLA helps to establish an edge to edge network performance baseline and allows the user to understand anomalies from the baseline

7. SAA and RTTMON  Cisco IP SLA is supported by the Service Assurance Agent (SAA) and the Round-Trip Time Monitoring (RTTMON) MIB. –The SAA and the RTTMON MIB are Cisco IOS software features available in versions 12.0 (5)T and higher.  The features enable you to test and collect delay, jitter, and packet loss statistics on the data network. –Delay, jitter, and packet loss can be measured by deploying small Cisco IOS routers as probes to simulate customer end stations. –The probes can be configured to monitor the network for delay and jitter and alert network management stations when a threshold is exceeded.

8. SLAs for IP/MPLS Networks Measure Either PE–CE or PE-PE Links Enterprise Site 2 Enterprise Site 1 Measure Either CE–PE or CE–CE Links P Router SP Converged IP/MPLS Network

9. Cisco IP SLA: Source and Responder Source Router –Cisco IOS router sends test packets for each operation – Stores results in the RTTMON MIB Responder – Responds to IP SLA packets at destination – User defined UDP/TCP ports – Accurate measurements

10. UDP Jitter Operation IP SLA IP Core Responder Send train of packets with constant Interval Receive train of packets at Interval impacted by Network Add a receive time stamp, and calculate delta, the processing time.  Per-direction inter-packet delay (Jitter)  Per-direction packet loss  Average Round Trip Delay

11. Responder Source Router Responder Target Router T1 T4 T3 T2  = T3 - T2 Responder factors out destination processing time making results highly accurate Responder allows for one-way measurements for latency, jitter, and packet loss.

12. UDP Jitter Operation Time Frequency = IP SLA UDP Jitter test packet – Operation 1 destination1 = IP SLA UDP Jitter test packet – Operation 2 destination2 Interval Number of Packets

13. Simulating a voice call  Simulating a G.711 voice call:  RTP/UDP port 14384  64 Kb/s  172 byte packets (160 byte payload + 12 byte RTP header)  The jitter probe operation includes:  Send the request to RTP/UDP port number 14384.  Send 172 byte packets.  Send 3000 packets for each frequency cycle.  Send every packet 20 milliseconds apart for a duration of 60 seconds and sleep 10 seconds before starting the next frequency cycle.  (3000 datagrams * 160 bytes per datagram)/ 60sec * 8 = 64 kb/s

14. Polling the RTTMON MIB  The delay and jitter probes begin data collection and place data in RTTMON SNMP MIB tables.  rttMonStatsTable –provides an one hour average of all the jitter operations for the last hour.  rttMonLatestJitterOper –provides the values of the last operation completed.  ‘show rtr collection−stats’