1. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Out of Many A History of the American People Seventh Edition Chapter Slavery and Empire 1441-1770 4

2. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Slavery and Empire 1441-1770 The Beginnings of African Slavery The African Slave Trade The Development of North American Slave SocietiesThe Development of North American Slave Societies African to African American Slavery and the Economics of Empire Slavery, Prosperity, and Freedom Conclusion

3. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage A model of the slave ship Brookes, showing plan view of slave positions

4. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Chapter Focus Questions How did the modern system of slavery develop? What was the history of the slave trade and the Middle Passage? How did Africans manage to create communities among the brutal slave system?

5. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Chapter Focus Questions (cont’d) What were the connections between the institutions of slavery and the imperial system of the eighteenth century? How and why did racism develop in America?

6. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage North America and Stono, SC

7. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage American Communities: Rebellion in Stono, South Carolina South Carolina rebellion  Slaves go to Florida where freedom had been promised Enslaved Africans greatly outnumbered white colonists Sense of desperation but also of community History of community: oral accounts of the rebellion persisted into the 1930s

8. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Beginnings of African Slavery

9. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage A portion of the Catalan Atlas

10. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Beginnings of African Slavery Moral implications Muslims and Africans slaves because not Christians 1441: Portuguese brought slaves to sugar plantations on Madeira

11. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage African slaves operate a sugar mill

12. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Sugar and Slavery Expansion of sugar production increased demand for slaves. Portugal created brutal but profitable slave labor in Brazil Dutch merchants  financed and directed the sugar trade  France and later Britain developed own Caribbean sugar plantations

13. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Sugar and Slavery (cont'd) Caribbean sugar and slaves  core of the European colonial system.

14. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage West Africans Slaves from well-established societies and local communities of West Africa More than 100 societies on West African coast Sophisticated systems of farming Extensive trade networks Household slavery an established institution

15. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage West Africans (cont'd) Slaves treated more as family than as possessions Children born free American slavery transformed, brutalized the African institution

16. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The African Slave Trade

17. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage A group of slaves being led from the interior to the West African coast by two traders

18. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Demography of Slave Trade Most slaves were transported to the Caribbean or South America. One in 20 were delivered to North America (600,000). Men generally outnumbered women two to one.

19. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage MAP 4.1 The African Slave Trade

20. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage FIGURE 4.1 Africans Imported to Mainland British North America, 1626–1800

21. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage A Global Enterprise All Western European nations participated in the African slave trade. The slave trade was dominated by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century, the Dutch in the sugar boom of the seventeenth century, and the English who entered the trade in the seventeenth century.

22. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage A Global Enterprise (cont'd) New England slavers entered the trade in the eighteenth century. Of 10.5 million Africans who arrived in the Americas, 90% went to the sugar colonies.

23. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage MAP 4.2 Slave Colonies of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

24. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Shock of Enslavement Enslavement was an unparalleled shock. African raiders or armies often violently attacked villages to take captives. The captives were marched to the coast, many dying along the way. On the coast, the slaves were kept in barracoons where they were separated from their families, branded, and dehumanized.

25. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Middle Passage Middle Passage  Middle portion of the triangle trade  Shelves 6 feet long and 30 inches high  Crowded together spoon fashion  Little or no sanitation, food was poor  Dysentery and disease.  Slaves resistance: -jumping overboard, refusing to eat, revolting  One in six slaves died during this voyage.

26. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Portrait of Olaudah Equiano

27. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Slaves below deck on the Portugese vessel Albaroz

28. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Political and Economic Effects on Africa Slavery enriched a few in Africa, but slave wars ravaged populations, spreading death and destruction far inland. Loss of population and access to cheap European goods led to economic stagnation and prepared the way for direct European colonization in the nineteenth century.

29. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Development of North American Slave Societies

30. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Africans herded from a slave ship

31. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage FIGURE 4.2 Africans as a Percentage of Total Population of the British Colonies, 1650–1770

32. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Development of North American Slave Societies By 1770, Africans and African Americans numbered 460,000 in British North America–comprising over 20% of the colonial population.

33. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Slavery Comes to North America 1619: first Africans in Virginia From a society with slaves to a slave society  Decline in servant immigration  Better opportunities for English servants  The Royal English African Company -labor shortage was filled with slaves. Virginia: comprehensive slave code

34. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Slavery Comes to North America (cont'd) 1700–1710: More Africans imported than in the entire previous century

35. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Tobacco Colonies Tobacco: 25% of the value of all colonial exports Slavery allowed expansion of tobacco production Using slave labor, tobacco grown on large plantations and small farms

36. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Tobacco Colonies (cont'd) Natural increase of slave population in Chesapeake  1750s: 80% of Chesapeake slaves were “country born,” adding to planters’ capital.

37. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Lower South South Carolina: slave society from its founding Indian slave trade. Rice and indigo Large plantations—slaves dominated. Georgia prohibited slavery

38. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Lower South (cont'd) 1770: About 80% of the coastal population of South Carolina and Georgia was African American.

39. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage image of Mulberry Plantation, near Charleston, South Carolina, about 1800.

40. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Slavery in the Spanish Colonies Papacy denouncement, but basic part of the Spanish colonial labor system Varied by region  Cuba sugar plantations: brutal  Florida: Household slavery as in Mediterranean and African communities  New Mexico: Mine labor, house servants, fieldworkers

41. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Slavery in the Spanish Colonies (cont'd) Spain declared Florida a haven for runaway slaves from the British colonies and offered land to those who would help defend the colony.

42. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Slavery in French Louisiana Natchez Rebellion 1629  The Natchez Indians and the slaves of Louisiana joined together in an armed uprising killing 10% of the colonial population, but were crushed French Louisiana became a society with slaves. Slaves made up only about 1/3 of population

43. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Slavery in French Louisiana (cont'd) Louisiana did not become an important North American slave society until the end of the eighteenth century.

44. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Slavery in the North Slavery was legal and part of the labor system in some northern commercial farming areas but only made up ten percent of the rural population in these regions. In port cities, slavery was common.

45. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Slavery in the North (cont'd) By 1750, the slave and free African populations made up 15 to 20% of the residents of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia. Antislavery sentiment first arose among the Quakers of New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

46. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The London Coffee House, near the docks of Philadelphia

47. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage African to African American

48. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage A Musical Celebration in the Slave Quarters

49. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Daily Lives of Slaves Africans were majority of plantation labor force  As agricultural peoples, Africans were used to rural routines and most slaves worked in the fields.  Slaves were supplied rude clothes and hand- me-downs from the master’s family. Small plantations / farms  Africans worked along side masters

50. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Daily Lives of Slaves (cont'd) Large plantations  Population necessary for the development of an African American culture.

51. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Families and Communities In the development of African American community and culture, the family was the most important institution. Families were often separated by sale or bequest. Slaves created family structures developing marriage customs, naming practices, and a system of kinship.

52. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Families and Communities (cont'd) Fictive kinship was used by slaves to humanize the world of slavery.

53. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage African American Culture Eighteenth century: formative period of African American community Development of sustaining spiritually  dance, music, religion, and oral tradition. Great Awakening conversions Death and burial important religious practices Foundations of music and dance

54. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage African American Culture (cont'd) Gullah and Geechee languages

55. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Africanization of the South Acculturation occurred in two directions— English influenced Africans and Africans influenced English.

56. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Africanization of the South (cont'd) Africanization was evident in:  cooking: barbecue, fried chicken, black-eyed peas, and collard greens  material culture: basket weaving, wood carving, and architecture  language: goober, okay, tote, buddy  music and dance: banjo Even the Southern “drawl” may show African influence.

57. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Violence and Resistance Slave system based on force and violence Africans resisted by:  Refusing to cooperate and malingering; mistreating tools and animals; Running away Revolting (NYC, 1721; Stono, 1739)  Fear of uprisings but slaves in North America rarely revolted -Conditions for a successful revolt were not present

58. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Violence and Resistance (cont'd) Slaves had also developed culture and communities and did not want to risk losing these things.

59. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Fugitive slaves flee through the swamps in Thomas Moran’s Slave Hunt, Dismal Swamp, Virginia (1862).

60. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Slavery and the Economics of Empire

61. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Eighteenth-century ships being unloaded

62. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage MAP 4.3 Triangular Trade Across the Atlantic

63. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Slavery and the Economics of Empire The slave trade was the foundation of the British economy. Created a large colonial market for exports that stimulated manufacturing Generated huge profits that served as a source of investments Supplied raw cotton to fuel British industrialization

64. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Satirical image of New England sea captains drinking and carousing in the Caribbean.

65. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage FIGURE 4.3 Value of Colonial Exports by Region, Annual Average, 1768–72

66. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Politics of Mercantilism Mercantilism  First advanced in Louis XIV’s France, later adopted in Britain  Colonies existed to benefit the mother country  The economy should be controlled by the state  The economy was a “zero-sum” game where profits for one country meant losses for another.

67. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Politics of Mercantilism (cont'd) Competition between states was to hoard the fixed amount of wealth that existed in the world.

68. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage British Colonial Regulation State trading monopolies 1651–1696: Navigation Acts  legal and institutional structure of Britain’s colonial system.  “Enumerated Articles” such as sugar could only be sent to Britain. Wool, Hat, and Iron Acts Great Britain did not allow colonial tariffs, banking, or local coinage.

69. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage British Colonial Regulation (cont'd) The increase in colonial trade led Britain to pursue a policy of “salutary neglect.”

70. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Wars for Empire The English, French, and Spanish struggled for control over North America and the Caribbean in a series of wars that had their European counterparts. Wars in the southern region of the colonies focused on slavery. Wars in the northern region were generally focused on the control of the Indian trade.

71. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Wars for Empire (cont'd) Down to 1744, the wars were a stalemate, with no nation winning the upper hand in the Americas.

72. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Colonial Economy Despite wars, the colonial economy grew rapidly. The New England shipbuilding was stimulated by trade. Benefits for northern port cities Participation in the slave trade to the South and West Indies

73. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Colonial Economy (cont'd) Trading foodstuffs for sugar in foreign colonies Between the 1730s and 1770s, the commercial economies of the North and South were becoming integrated as well as part of the British Atlantic economy.

74. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Slavery Prosperity and Freedom,,

75. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Advertisement in the Virginia Gazette on September 14, 1769.

76. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Social Structure of the Slave Colonies Slavery produced a highly stratified class society.  Elite planters held more than half of the land and sixty percent of the wealth.  Small planters and farmers made up half of the adult white male population. -Many kept one to four slaves.

77. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Social Structure of the Slave Colonies (cont'd) Slavery produced a highly stratified class society.  Throughout the plantation region, landless men constituted about forty percent of the population. -Work included renting land, tenant farming, hiring out as overseers, or becoming indentured servants.

78. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage White Skin Privilege Skin color determined status. Legal and other racial distinctions were constant reminders of the freedom of white colonists and the debasement of all African Americans, free or slave.

79. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage White Skin Privilege (cont'd) Mixed-ancestry (mulattoes)  Majority of mulattoes were slaves.  Masters often fathered unacknowledged children with female slaves—perhaps Jefferson with Sally Hemings. Racism created contempt between African Americans and colonists.

80. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Conclusion

81. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Slavery and Empire, 1441-1770 Southern planters, Northern merchants and British traders were all equally involved in slavery. Slavery permeated colonial societies and made colonies profitable to the mother countries. Mercantilism supported and reinforced slavery as profits flowed back to England.

82. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Chronology