1. Immigration: The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country

2.  “Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free. The wretched refuse of your teeming shore, Send these, the homeless, the tempest-tost to me I lift my lamp beside the golden door!” - Emma Larsarus

3.  U.S. had less than 60 million people  Unsettled land in West and Midwest  Huge demand for farmers and factory workers  Since 1820, 65 million immigrants had entered U.S. – 40 percent of those between 1881 and 1920

6.  More than 300 million people in America Debate:  Do we have room? vs. we need newcomers skill and energy  9/11 and national security issues have now come into play  Bottom line: U.S. accepts more immigrants than any other country

7.  Constitution: says immigration and citizenship issues are to be determined by Congress  Not until 1868 was citizenship granted to anyone born in U.S. (14 th amendment)  One exception: Native Americans not granted full citizenship until 1924

8.  U.S. needed workers and had plenty of land – Europe had too many people and lots of problems (potato famine, lack of jobs, etc…)  1 st Key POINT: People don’t immigrate for no reason(PUSH and PULL), Most often it’s because of economic opportunity  Most immigrants between 1820 and 1880 were from Great Britain, Germany, and Ireland.

9.  2nd KEY POINT: ALL IMMIGRANTS IN U.S. HISTORY WERE HATED ON  One of the first groups people hated were Irish - They were mainly Catholic when most Americans were Protestant

12.  Most immigrants from Eastern Europe - Italy, Austria-Hungary, Russia

19.  Congress passes the first law restricting immigration with the 1862 law forbidding American vessels to transport Chinese immigrants to the U.S.  1882 The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in order to prevent an excess of cheap labor in the U.S. and provided the deportation of those who were adjudged illegal residents. 

20.  The act froze the population of the Chinese community leaving its sex ratio highly imbalanced. For more than half a century, the Chinese lived in an essentially bachelor society where old men always outnumbered the young.

23.  1819 US begins to count immigrants  Outlaws prostitutes and convicts  Chinese Exclusion Act: Nobody who is a “lunatic or Idiot” can come to America.  A Tax is instituted.  1906- Knowledge of English required  1907- those with physical or mental illness may not come.  Japanese immigrants are restricted  Immigration Act of 1917- anybody older than 16 who could not read English may not enter.  Except those who have been religiously persecuted.  All Asian immigrants are banned

24. 1891 The Immigration and Naturalization Service was created to administer the federal laws relating to the admission, exclusion and deportation of aliens and to the naturalization of aliens lawfully residing in the U.S. The INS investigates the qualifications of applicants for citizenship and provides public schools with textbooks and other materials required for the schooling of those applying for citizenship. Also, agents of the service patrol the borders of the U.S. to prevent the illegal entry of aliens. 1917 The Immigration Act of 1917 not only expanded the classes of foreigners excluded from the U.S., but created the Asiatic Barred Zone, a geographical region covering most of eastern Asia and the Pacific islands from which no immigrants were to be admitted into the U.S. The law also imposed a literacy test and aliens who were unable to meet the minimum mental moral, physical, and economic standards were excluded, as were anarchists and other subversives, from the U.S. 1921 A quota system, the maximum number of persons admitted into a nation, was first introduced in 1924 The quota system was changed in 1924 and was based on the desirability of various nationalities. For example, immigrants from northern and western Europe (aka WHITE) were consider much more desirable than those of southern and eastern Europe and more adapt to "fit in." Consequently, countries like Great Britain, Germany, and Ireland were given generous quotas, while nations like Russia, the source of most Jewish immigrants, and Italy were cut back. Almost all Asians were excluded from the U.S.

25.  1943 China becomes allies with the U.S. during World War II, which paved the way for the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act. As immigration from China resumed, mostly female immigrants came, many, wives of Chinese men in the U.S. Many couples were reunited after decades apart.  1945 The War Brides Act, a federal law passed in 1945, authorizes the limited admission of the wives and children of citizens honorably discharged or serving in the U.S. armed forces during World War II, without regard to quotas or other standards

26.  1948 The Displaced Persons Act of 1948 permits, before July 1 of 1950, the immigration to the U.S. of 202,000 European displaced persons, people driven form their homes in the years preceding World War II as a result of political or racial persecution and those forcibly transported form their homes during World War II  Most displaced refugees came from Cuba (700,000) in the 1960s  1952 The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 incorporates most of the existing laws relating to immigration including two major changes: the Asiatic Barred Zone which banned most Asian immigrants since 1917 was abolished and people from all nations are given the opportunity to enter the U.S.- However still quotas

27.  As late as the 1950s, 68% of immigrants still came from Canada and Europe (meaning White)  1965 set up a preference system - easier to come if professional (doctors, nurses, engineers, scientists, etc…) – Opened up doors to Asian immigration  Also allowed newcomers to bring their families

28.  More people coming than ever: rules were that no more than 20,000 per country and 290,000 total per year  Still people were coming as refugees or as illegal aliens  Mexican immigrants faced a wait of more than 6 years to have their applications processed

29.  Refugees, asylum seekers, and illegal aliens along with legal immigration  Pluses: In the 1990s 1.6 million college educated immigrants joined the work force, 50% from Asia  Minuses: $ on schooling, health care, social services

30.  Refugee Act of 1980 – trying to help 400,000 refugees from South East Asia (Cambodia, Vietnam, Philippines)  1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act – punishes employers who hire illegal's knowingly, gave amnesty to those who had been in U.S. for 5 years  Immigration Act of 1990 – Raised limit from 290,000 to 675,000 per year. 71% of visas to family, 21% well trained workers, 8% for those who have been waiting a while  Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act – made it easier to deport illegal's – critics say it gave to much power to INS and not enough rights to those accused

34.  “The bosom of America is open to receive not only the opulent and respectable stranger, but the poor, oppressed and persecuted of all nations and religions. Whom we shall welcome to a participation of our rights and privileges.” – George Washington 1783  Question 1--What does this statement mean? Explain…  Question 2--Do you think most Americans would agree with this statement today? Explain…  Question 3--Do you? Explain…

35.  1819 US begins to count immigrants  Outlaws prostitutes and convicts  Chinese Exclusion Act: Nobody who is a “lunatic or Idiot” can come to America.  A Tax is instituted.  1906- Knowledge of English required  1907- those with physical or mental illness may not come.  Japanese immigrants are restricted  Immigration Act of 1917- anybody older than 16 who could not read English may not enter.  Except those who have been religiously persecuted.  All Asian immigrants are banned

36.  Prior to 1880 most immigrants were of Western European descent. (England, France, Germany etc…)  During the progressive ere most came from South and Eastern Europe (Italy, Poland, Russia etc…)  1. 25 million immigrants during the progressive era  2. Most were Jewish or catholic  3. Most were poor and uneducated  4. Received a lot of harassment because they were 

37.  Most immigrants went to the big cities  wouldn’t stick out  jobs  other people with their background  lived in slums called “Tenements”  Cities population increased by 700%  16 cities had a population of 50,000 in 1860. By 1910 over a hundred cities could make this claim.

38.  Two main reason: Push reasons and Pull reasons  Push reasons are things that make a person leave their country.  War  Famine  Unemployment  Pull Reasons are things that draw people to the country they are going.  freedom  economic opportunity

39.  Muckrakers  Jacob Riis- How the Other Half Lives  Josiah Strong- Our Country  Jane Adams- Immigrant education  Florence Kelly- Child Labor and Settlement Houses 