1. The Muscular System The ability to move is an essential activity of the human body The ability to move is an essential activity of the human body Consists of over 600 individual muscles. Consists of over 600 individual muscles. 3 purposes: 3 purposes: –Body movement –Body shape –Body heat (maintain temp.)

2. The Muscular System Body movements are determined by three types of muscles Body movements are determined by three types of muscles –Smooth (involuntary) – cannot be controlled by will. –Cardiac – control the contractions of the heart. –Skeletal (Voluntary) – can be controlled by will.

3. Types of Muscles

4. Function of Skeletal muscles Attach to bones to provide voluntary movement Attach to bones to provide voluntary movement –Tendons: strong, tough connective cords –Fascia: tough, sheet-like membrane Produce heat and energy for the body Produce heat and energy for the body Help maintain posture Help maintain posture Protect internal organs Protect internal organs Called striated (striped) because they have striations of alternating light and dark band Called striated (striped) because they have striations of alternating light and dark band

5. Functions cont’d. Fleshy body parts are made of skeletal muscles Fleshy body parts are made of skeletal muscles Provide movements to the limbs, but contract quickly, fatigue easily and lack the ability to maintain contraction for long periods Provide movements to the limbs, but contract quickly, fatigue easily and lack the ability to maintain contraction for long periods –Blinking eyes, talking, breathing, eating, dancing and writing all produced by these muscles

6. Function of Smooth Muscle Called smooth muscle because they are unmarked by striations Called smooth muscle because they are unmarked by striations Unattached to bones, act slowly, do not tire easily and can remain contracted for a long time Unattached to bones, act slowly, do not tire easily and can remain contracted for a long time Not under conscious control so they are also called involuntary muscles Not under conscious control so they are also called involuntary muscles Found in walls of internal organs (intestines, bladder, stomach, uterus, blood vessels) Found in walls of internal organs (intestines, bladder, stomach, uterus, blood vessels)

7. Function of cardiac muscle Found only in the heart Found only in the heart Involuntary muscle Involuntary muscle Requires a continuous supply of oxygen to function Requires a continuous supply of oxygen to function Cardiac muscle cells begin to die after 30 seconds of oxygen cut-off Cardiac muscle cells begin to die after 30 seconds of oxygen cut-off Striated Striated

8. Special muscles Sphincter (dilator) muscles are openings between Sphincter (dilator) muscles are openings between –the esophagus and stomach –The stomach and small intestines –Walls of the anus, urethra and mouth Open and close to control passage of substances Open and close to control passage of substances

9. Characteristics of Muscles All muscles have 4 common characteristics All muscles have 4 common characteristics –Excitability – ability to respond to a stimulus (i.e.: nerve impulse) –Contractibility – muscle fibers that are stimulated by nerves contract (become shorter) and causes movement –Extensibility – ability to be stretched –Elasticity – allows the muscle to return to its original shape after it has been stretched

10. Sources of heat/energy When muscles work, they produce heat that our body needs to function properly When muscles work, they produce heat that our body needs to function properly Major source of this energy is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) – a compound found in muscle cells Major source of this energy is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) – a compound found in muscle cells ATP requires muscle cells to have oxygen, glucose and other materials circulated by the blood ATP requires muscle cells to have oxygen, glucose and other materials circulated by the blood When the muscle is stimulated, ATP is released, thus producing heat When the muscle is stimulated, ATP is released, thus producing heat

11. Definitions Adduction: Adduction: –Moving a body part toward the midline Abduction: Abduction: –Moving a body part away from the midline Flexion: Flexion: –Decreasing the angle between two bones or bending body parts Extention: Extention: –Increasing the angle between two bones or straightening the body part Rotation: Rotation: –Turning a body part around its own axis Circumduction: Circumduction: –Moving in a circle at a joint

12. Buildup of lactic acid caused by vigorous exercise where blood is unable to be transported: Buildup of lactic acid caused by vigorous exercise where blood is unable to be transported: –MUSCLE FATIGUE State of partial contraction is called: State of partial contraction is called: –MUSCLE TONE Loss of muscle tone occurs when muscles are not used for a long period of time. Muscles atrophy (shrink in size and lose strength) and results in: Loss of muscle tone occurs when muscles are not used for a long period of time. Muscles atrophy (shrink in size and lose strength) and results in: –CONTRACTURES  Foot drop is the most common type of contracture seen, but fingers, knees and other joints can be affected

13. FIBROMYALGIA –Fibro=Fibrous –My=Muscle –Algia=Pain Chronic, widespread pain in specific muscle site; numbness and tingling in arms or legs; headaches Chronic, widespread pain in specific muscle site; numbness and tingling in arms or legs; headaches Cause unknown Cause unknown Treat symptoms – pain relief; stress reduction and muscle relaxers Treat symptoms – pain relief; stress reduction and muscle relaxers MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY –Dys=Difficulty –Trophy=Condition of nutritional growth Group of inherited diseases that cause chronic, progressive muscle atrophy resulting in total disability and early death Group of inherited diseases that cause chronic, progressive muscle atrophy resulting in total disability and early death No cure No cure Treatment used to slow progression of disease Treatment used to slow progression of disease

14. MYASTENIA GRAVIS Chronic condition where nerve impulses are not transmitted correctly leading to progressive muscular weakness and paralysis; affects respiratory muscles and can be fatal Chronic condition where nerve impulses are not transmitted correctly leading to progressive muscular weakness and paralysis; affects respiratory muscles and can be fatal Cause unknown Cause unknown Treatment is supportive Treatment is supportive MUSCLE SPASMS/CRAMPS Sudden, painful involuntary muscle contractions Sudden, painful involuntary muscle contractions Caused from overexertion, low electrolytes or poor circulation Caused from overexertion, low electrolytes or poor circulation Treat by applying gentle pressure and stretching of the affected muscle Treat by applying gentle pressure and stretching of the affected muscle

15. STRAIN Overstretching of a muscle or tendon frequently in legs, back or arms Overstretching of a muscle or tendon frequently in legs, back or arms Caused by sudden muscle exertion Caused by sudden muscle exertion Treated by resting, muscle relaxants, or pain medications, elevation of extremity and applying hot/cold compresses Treated by resting, muscle relaxants, or pain medications, elevation of extremity and applying hot/cold compresses

16. RANGE OF MOTION

17. ????? WHY ????? Done to maintain health of the musculoskeletal system (muscle/skeleton) Done to maintain health of the musculoskeletal system (muscle/skeleton) Each joint and muscle is moved through its full range for patients with limited ability to move Each joint and muscle is moved through its full range for patients with limited ability to move Administered by: PT, RN, Assistant, or other authorized personnel (with training) Administered by: PT, RN, Assistant, or other authorized personnel (with training) Done to prevent problems caused by lack of movement Done to prevent problems caused by lack of movement

18. Problems from lack of movement Contractures Contractures –Tightening and shortening of a muscle resulting in a permanent flexing of a joint Muscle atrophy Muscle atrophy –Muscles become weak and joints become stiff Circulatory impairment Circulatory impairment –Blood clots and pressure ulcers can develop Mineral loss Mineral loss –Especially calcium from the bones making bones brittle and easily to be fractured Other problems Other problems –Poor appetite; constipation; urinary infections; respiratory problems; and pneumonia

19. Types of ROM Active ROM Active ROM –Performed by patients who are able to move each joint without assistance Active assistive ROM Active assistive ROM –Patient actively moves the joints but receives assistance to complete the entire range Passive ROM Passive ROM –Another person moves each joint for a patient who is not able to exercise Resistive ROM Resistive ROM –Exercises are performed by a PT against resistance

20. Definitions Abduction – moving away from midline Abduction – moving away from midline Adduction – moving toward midline Adduction – moving toward midline Flexion – bending of body part Flexion – bending of body part Extension – straightening of body part Extension – straightening of body part Rotation – moving around its own axis Rotation – moving around its own axis Circumduction – moving in a circle at a joint Circumduction – moving in a circle at a joint

21. Principles to follow Movement should be slow and smooth Movement should be slow and smooth Support provided to the parts above and below the joint being exercised Support provided to the parts above and below the joint being exercised Never force a joint beyond its ROM or to the point of pain Never force a joint beyond its ROM or to the point of pain STOP if a person complains of pain STOP if a person complains of pain Perform each movement 3-5 times Perform each movement 3-5 times Encourage patient to assist as much as possible Encourage patient to assist as much as possible Prevent patient exposure Prevent patient exposure Keep door closed and patient screened off Keep door closed and patient screened off Use correct body mechanics Use correct body mechanics

22. Body Mechanics

23. 4 main reasons… Muscles work best when used correctly Muscles work best when used correctly Correct use of muscles makes lifting, pulling and pushing easier Correct use of muscles makes lifting, pulling and pushing easier Prevents unnecessary fatigue and strain therefore, saves energy Prevents unnecessary fatigue and strain therefore, saves energy Prevents injury to self Prevents injury to self

24. 8 rules of good body mechanics Maintain broad base of support (8-10 in.) Maintain broad base of support (8-10 in.) Bend from hips and knees to get close to object Bend from hips and knees to get close to object Use strongest muscles: shoulders, arms, hips, thighs Use strongest muscles: shoulders, arms, hips, thighs Use weight of body to help push/pull Use weight of body to help push/pull Carry heavy objects close Carry heavy objects close Avoid twisting body; turn whole body when changing direction Avoid twisting body; turn whole body when changing direction Avoid bending for long periods Avoid bending for long periods Get help if object is too heavy Get help if object is too heavy