1. chapter McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. CHAPTER OUTLINE Sec 1: Systems of Stratification Sec 2: The American Class System Sec 3: Poverty 9 SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

2. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Section 1 █Social Stratification – the ranking of individuals or categories of people on the basis of certain characteristics.

3. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Stratification & Ideology The structural point of view (Conflict, Marxist, Liberal)

4. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Stratification videos 1.Alan Jackson – Little ManAlan Jackson – Little Man 2.Tracey Chapman – Fast CarTracey Chapman – Fast Car

5. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Section 1 █“Closed” Systems of Stratification –Slavery Based on ownership of people –Castes (Indian law until 1950) Based on religious doctrine “Endogamy” usually practiced (opp. = exogamy) –Estates (Nobility, Clergy, Commoners) Based on ownership of land.

6. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Section 1 Rewards of Stratification █Wealth = assets + income █Power = control with or w/o consent █Prestige = respect, honor, etc from others

7. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Section 1. █ Table 9.2: Prestige Rankings of Occupations Physician 86 Secretary 46 Lawyer 75 Insurance agent 45 Dentist 74 Bank teller 43 College professor 74 Nurse’s aide 42 Architect 73 Farmer 40 Clergy 69 Correctional officer 40 Pharmacist 68 Receptionist 39 Registered nurse 66 Barber 36 High school teacher 66 Child care worker 35 Accountant 65 Hotel clerk 32 Airline pilot 60 Bus driver 32 Police officer and detective 60 Truck driver 30 Prekindergarten teacher 55 Sales worker (shoes) 28 Librarian 54 Garbage collector 28 Firefighter 53 Waiter and waitress 28 Social worker 52 Bartender 25 Electrician 51 Farm worker 23 Funeral director 49 Janitor 22 Mail carrier 47 Newspaper vendor 19 OccupationScoreOccupationScore Source: J. Davis et al. 2003.

8. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Section 1 █Wealth –Income and wealth in the United States are “distributed” unevenly. –Usually described and graphed in quintiles Top 1/5 (20%) Bottom 1/5 (20%).

9. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Section 1. █ Figure 9.3: Comparison of Distribution of Income and Wealth in the United States Source: Income data (household) are from Bureau of the Census (DeNavas-Walt and Cleveland 2002:19). Data on wealth are from Wolff 1999.

10. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Conflict view of class (K.Marx) █ The fight over limited resources creates winners and losers. The winners (Upper Class) use their wealth & power to exploit everyone else (Lower Classes) in order to keep their wealth and power. █ This unfairness (barriers) needs to be “fixed” by government through taxes, programs, & regulation

11. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Functionalist View of class █ Society has to make sure all roles (jobs) are filled and that the most important jobs are filled by the most qualified people. █ Example: Doctor or Trash Collector ? █ You have to pay some people more! It doesn’t need to be “fixed”! █ “Free-Market” vs “Zero-Sum”

12. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Section 2 █Systems of Stratification –American Social Classes –an upper class –an upper-middle class –a lower-middle class –a working class –a working poor –an “underclass”.

13. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Section 2 █Upper Class –Old Money -Top schools -Philanthropy –New Money - CEO’s - Entrepreneurs

14. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Section 2 █Upper Middle –College grads plus –Executives / professionals

15. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Section 2 █Lower Middle –HS – some college –Managers, skilled craftworkers, supervisors

16. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Section 2 █ Working Class –High School –Factory, clerical, low level sales

17. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Section 2 █ Working Poor –Some high school –Laborers, service workers- gardeners, cleaners, etc

18. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Section 2 █ “Underclass” –Some high school, if that –Little/no skills –Unemployed –Welfare –Generational –“Issues”

19. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Section 2 █Social mobility: Movement of individuals or groups from one position of a society’s stratification system to another. █Open vs Closed Systems –Open = United States (class system) –Closed = old Ireland & caste systems.

20. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Section 2 █Types of Social Mobility –Horizontal Mobility: movement within the same range of prestige/pay. (professor → therapist) –Vertical Mobility: movement from one class to another & can be upward or downward. (landscaper→teacher).

21. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Section 2 █Types of Social Mobility –Intergenerational Mobility: changes in the social position of children relative to their parents. –Intragenerational Mobility: changes in social position within a person’s adult life..

22. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Section 2 What factors effect mobility? 1.Education 2.Gender / race * 3.Marriage / Children 4.Age 5.Life choices (friends, crime, drugs, etc.) 6.Work ethic, adjustments, skills

23. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Section 2 █Social Mobility in the United States –The Impact of Education Three-fourths (75%!) of the college- educated achieved some upward mobility compared with 12% of those receiving no schooling..

24. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Section 2 █ Education & pay relationship

25. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Section 2 █Social Mobility in the United States –The Impact of Gender Women are more likely to : –Have poorer salaries than men – 24% less on avg. –Have a greater showing in lower-level jobs than men –Get less promotions than men –Get less financing than men. Discrimination? … Sexism? … WHY? The single biggest reason is….

26. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Section 2 █ Childbirth !!!!!

27. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 27

28. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 28 The opposite impact of marriage and kids. █Wife: stay home more + less hours at work = lower average salaries! █Husband: work more hours = higher pay!

29. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 29 Gender discrimination? █A profit difference as low as 2%-5% can make or break a company. █If woman make 24% less (on avg.) than men for the “same work”… █Why would companies ever hire a man? █Something else besides sexism must be happening!

30. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 30 Other explanations: █ Working hours/production (maternity) █ “Continuous employment” █ Manual labor / risky jobs █ Union jobs

31. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 31 Section 2 █Social Mobility in the United States – The Impact of Race/Ethnicity The class system is viewed by the media & most sociologists as more rigid (unfair; less social mobility) for minorities, particularly African Americans. However, certain ethnic groups have consistently performed well (academically, financially, etc) even in spite of discrimination. –Asians/Chinese, Jews, etc.

32. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 32 Section 2 But…the average income for African- Americans (full-time) is $32,000 Hispanics - $27,000 Whites - $41,000 To many, that’s proof of discrimination against minorities!!

33. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 33 Section 2 However… Avg. income for Asians is $43,000 (?) Also, look at “average ages” Whites: 37.7 years old Asians:32.7 years old Blacks:30.2 years old Hispanics: 25.8 years old What impact might age have?

34. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 34 Impact of age on pay Whites: 37.7 yrs ($41,000) Asians:32.7 yrs ($43,000) Blacks:30.2 yrs ($32,000) Hispanics: 25.8 yrs ($27,000)

35. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 35 Section 2: Mobility stats How much “mobility” is there? University of Michigan study: a. 75% of income earners in the bottom 20% in 1975 were in the top 40% at some point by 1991. b. 29% of earners in the bottom 20% rose to the top 20% by 1991. c. Only 5% of those in the bottom 20% in 1975 were still there in 1991. The majority of poor don’t stay poor!

36. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 36 Section 3 Source: United States Census Bureau, “Poverty in the United States: 2002, “ Current Population Reports p.60-222, by Bernadette D. Proctor and Joseph Dalaker, issued Sept. 2003, http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/p60-222.pdf █ Duration of Poverty Spells: 1996-1999

37. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 37 Section 3 █Poverty –Who are the poor in the United States? children women the elderly –A majority of America’s poor live in rural areas..

38. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 38 Section 3 █How do we define “poor?” –The poverty line, is the minimum level of income deemed necessary to achieve an adequate standard of living in a given country.

39. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 39 Section 3 : Poverty Persons in Family or Household 48 Contiguous States and D.C. AlaskaHawaii 1$10,830$13,530$12,460 2$14,570$18,210$16,760 3$18,310$22,890$21,060 4$22,050$27,570$25,360 5$25,790$32,250$29,660 6$29,530$36,930$33,960 7$33,270$41,610$38,260 8$37,010$46,290$42,560 For each additional add: $3,740$4,680$4,300

40. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 40 Section 3. █ Poverty in Selected Industrial Countries Source: Smeeding et al. 2001:51.

41. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 41 Section 3 █ Percent of Families Living Below the Poverty Level, by Family Structure and Race/Ethnicity: 2000

42. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 42 Section 3: Poverty numbers flaw Look who sometimes shows up as “poor” 1.Spouses of very wealthy partners. 2.Wealthy investors / entrepreneurs who have an off year or lose money. 3.June graduates earning 1/2 a salary. 4.Start up doctors, dentists, etc. 5.Young adults who are “finding themselves” after graduation. 6.Retirees with no mortgage, little/no income

43. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 43 Section 3 █ Rethinking welfare –The New Right – government programs since the Depression have created a dependent class of people and encouraged an “entitlement” attitude in America. –What is the role of government? (Democrats vs Republicans)

44. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 44 Section 3: “How not to be poor” █ Wait until you’re married to have children █ Get married after the age of 21 █ Stay away from criminal activity █ Graduate high school █ Work full-time…ANYWHERE! “Simple” v “Easy”