1. VISION

2. Vision Care Professionals
Ophthalmologist
Optometrist
Orthoptist
Optholmic Technologist
Opthalmic Technician
Opthalmic Assistant
Opthalmic Laboratory Technician
Optician, dispensing

3. Ophthamologist
A medical doctor (MD) who is licensed to practice medicine and surgery.
May perform all duties of optometrist, but treats injuries and performs eye surgeries.
Education: 4 years undergraduate, 4 years graduate, 3 years minimum specialization in ophthamology.

4. Ophthamology Licensing
Individual state board of medical examiners
Additional board exams specific to ophthamology

5. Optometrist
Doctor of Optometry (O.D.)-had the title of doctor but is not a medical doctor.
Examines the eyes to diagnose vision problems and eye diseases.
Education: at least 3 years of preoptometric study, 4-year doctor of optometry degree from an accredited optometry school.

6. Optometry Licensing State board of optometry
American optometric Association

7. Anatomy of the Eye

8. Lens Located just behind the iris.
Purpose: to focus light onto the retina.

9. Pupil The opening in the center of the iris.
Size determines the amount of light that enters the eye.
Doctors often evaluate the reaction of pupils to light to determine neurological function.

10. Cornea
The transparent dome-shaped window covering the eye. (Gives us a clear window to look through.)
Provides 2/3 of the eye’s focusing power.

11. Iris The colored part of the eye.
Controls the light levels inside the eye.
Has tiny muscles that widen and narrow the pupil size.

12. Retina A multi-layered sensory tissue that lines the back of the eye.
Capture light rays, convert them to electrical impulses, traveling to the brain where they are turned into images.

13. Visual disorders
REFRACTION ERRORS: an error in the focusing of light by the eye and a frequent reason for reduced visual acuity.
Myopia
Hyperopia
Astigmatism

14. MYOPIA
“Nearsightedness” (spherical error)-optics are too powerful for the length of the eyeball.

15. HYPEROPIA
“Farsightedness “(spherical error) optics are too weak for the length of the eyeball.

16. Astigmatism
(Cylindrical error) Condition caused by an irregularly shaped cornea/results in blurred vision (optical power is too powerful or too weak across
one meridian
of the optics ).

17. Astigmatism

18. Presbyopia
loss of close reading vision due to a lessoned ability to focus and accommodate-eyestrain/most develop in their 40’s.)

19. Amblyopia Poor vision in one eye Known as “Lazy Eye”
Usually results from inadequate use during early childhood.

20. Strabismus One eye focuses properly, but the other eye strays.
“Cross-eyed”
Can be causes by genetics, inappropriate development of the “fusion center” in the brain to the muscles or nerves.

21. Glaucoma
Any disease caused by abnormally high pressure within the eye.
Treatment-eye medications or surgical procedures to relieve pressure.
If not treated, can lead to blindness.

22. Cataracts
Cloudiness of the lens of the eye (usually through aging process, but can be congenital or from disease or injury.

23. Conjuctivitis
“Pinkeye”-a highly contagious infectious inflammation of the conjuctiva.
Treatment-antibiotic eye drops or ointment.

24. Equipment
Ophthalmic Zoom Optical Head

25. Lensometer
An instrument to measure the power & cylindric axis of a spectacle lens. (Used to obtain an optical prescription.)

26. Optimal Prescription
A written order by an optometrist or ophthamologist to an optician for eyeglasses.
It specifies the refractive power to which the eyeglasses are to be made in order to correct blurred vision due to refractive errors, including myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism and presbyopia.

27. Sample Prescription

28. Prescription Terms
D.V. – “distance vision” (the part of the prescription designed primarily to improve far vision.)
N.V. – “near vision” (may represent a single-vision lens prescription to improve near work, or the reading portion of a bifocal lens.) Some forms use “ADD” in place of “N.V. with a single box to indicate the additional refractive power to be added to the spherical of each eye.

29. O.D. (ocular dexter) – Latin for “right eye”.
O.S. (oculus sinister) – “left eye”.
O.U. (oculi uterque) – “both eyes”.

30. Spherical Correction
Corrects refractive error of the eye with a single convergent or divergent refractive power in all meridians.

31. Cylindrical Correction
Corrects astigmatism refractive error of the eye by adding or subtracting power cylindrically in a meridian specified by the prescribed axis.