1. Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4

2. What shapes an ecosystem? Biotic and Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors  living things that affect an organism –biotic factors affecting bullfrog: plants it eats, birds that might eat it, other species that compete for food or space

3. What shapes an ecosystem? Abiotic Factors  physical, or nonliving factors that affect organisms –bullfrog affected by availability of water and temperature of air Habitat includes both biotic and abiotic factors

4. Biotic and Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors ECOSYSTEM Abiotic Factors

5. Niche An organism’s niche includes: Place in food web Range of temperatures organism needs to survive Type of food it eats How it obtains food Other species that use it as food Physical conditions necessary for survival When and how it reproduces

6. Niche Two species cannot share the same niche in the same habitat. Different species can occupy similar niches. Ex - three species of warblers live in the same spruce trees but feed at different elevations and in different part of the trees

7. Warbler Niches Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeds in the middle part of the tree Cape May Warbler Feeds at the tips of branches near the top of the tree Spruce tree

8. Community Interactions Competition  same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time resource = necessity of life (water, nutrients, light, food, space)

9. Community Interactions Competitive Exclusion Principle - no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time Direct competition in nature often results in winner and loser – losing organism fails to survive

10. Community Interactions Predation - one organism captures and feeds on another organism Predator – the one killing and eating Prey – the food Studies show that predation can actually help maintain diversity. Gray wolves were killed out in many parts of North America. What happened to deer and herbivore populations? What happened to many plant species in North American ecosystems?

11. Community Interactions Mimicry – a harmless species resembles a poisonous or distasteful species. Example: Batesian mimicry – a palatable or harmless species mimics the an unpalatable or harmful model.

12. Community Interactions Müllerian mimicry - two or more unpalatable species resemble each other.

13. Community Interactions Camouflage or cryptic coloration – a passive defense that makes potential prey difficult to spot against its background. Aposematic coloration – warning coloration; seen in animals with effective chemical defenses.

14. Symbiosis When two species live close together. Three types: Parasitism – one is harmed (host), one benefits (parasite) Mutualism – both benefit Commensalism – one is neutral, one benefits

15. Parasitism examples: Above: Fleas, ticks, mosquitos and tapeworms are parasites too! Right: Wheat rust is a parasitic fungus

16. Mutualism examples: Below: the Oxpecker and the zebra - the oxpecker eats ticks and flys away with a warning scream when danger is near. So the oxpecker gets food and the zebra stays safe and doesn’t have ticks. Above: the butterfly and the flowers – The butterfly gets the nectar (food) and the flowers get pollinated.

17. Commensalism examples: Below: Barnacles on whales – they don’t effect the whale but the barnacles are sessile (the don’t move on their own) and they need to travel through water to get their food. Above: Sea anemones and clownfish – the sea anemones have nematocysts that sting most organisms but the clownfish is not affected by the stings so the clownfish hide in the anemone so predators can’t get to them.

18. Ecological Succession Ecosystem constantly changing due to natural and human disturbances older organisms die out and new organisms move in, causing further changes in the community

19. Ecological Succession Primary succession – occurs in areas where no life exists Ex – new rock created by volcano, rock exposed when glaciers melt

20. Pioneer species – first to populate new land Usually lichens (algae and fungus) that can break up rock to begin soil formation

21. Succession changes the composition of species found in a community at a specific time by removing some of them or changing the resources available

22. Ecological Succession Secondary Succession – occurs when community is destroyed or altered but soil is still there. Ex – Fire and clear cutting regrows to mature, stable community called climax community.

23. Forest Fire Regrowth