1. Communism in China PAGES 550-555

2. Objectives  Explain how foreign and imperial rule ended in China  Describe the ensuing struggle between Nationalists and Communists  Analyze how communism changed China

3. Read the Read Aloud  Compare imperial China with: 1. France before their revolution –or-- 2. Russia before their revolution

4. Read “The Big Picture”  How was life wretched for China’s poor?  Natural disasters, heavy taxes  How had China’s independence been lost?  Foreign powers had gained control of parts of China  Why might the Chinese have felt battered from within and without?  China’s government could not solve internal problems, and foreign governments had taken over

5. Read “The End of Dynasties”  Why did the Chinese want to rebel against the Manchu dynasty?  They wanted a more democratic government and freedom from foreign control

6. Read “A Voice of the People”  What different places shaped Sun Yat-sen’s ideas?  China, where he was born, and the Hawaiian islands, where he spent his youth  What changes did Sun Yat-sen want in China?  Freedom from Qing and other foreign rule, a representative government, and improved agriculture and industry  How do you think Sun Yat-sen’s ideas reflected time spent away from China?  He picked up Western ideas of independence, democracy, and industrial development

7. Read “The End of Imperial Rule”  How did dynastic rule finally come to an end in China?  A revolt that began in 1905 against the Qing dynasty succeeded  What government replaced it?  Rule by Sun Yat-sen and the Nationalist party  What problem challenged them in ruling China as a republic?  Warlords wanted to rule their areas instead of being ruled by a central Chinese government  How did the Soviet Union influence China?  It supported the fight against the warlords

8. Read “Divided Nation”  How did Chiang Kai-shek come to be the leader of the Republic of China?  He took over when Sun Yat-sen died  Why did he turn on his former allies, the Communists?  He did not want China to become communist  How did the set up the possibility for civil war in China?  It set Nationalists against Communists

9. Read “The Long March”  Why did the Long March begin?  Chiang moved his troops to surround the Communists in southern China, and they were trying to escape  How large was the Communist army that made the Long March?  80,000  Who was their leader?  Mao Zedong

10. Read “Enemies Cooperate- Briefly”  Did the end of the Long March end conflict between Nationalists and Communists? Explain.  No, communism continued to spread, and Nationalist-Communist rivalry continued  What made the Nationalists and Communists cooperate, even briefly?  Japan’s 1937 invasion of China made them unite against a common enemy  When did they resume their civil war?  In 1945, after the defeat of Japan in World War II

11. Read “Recovering from Civil War”  Who was the first leader of the People’s Republic?  Mao Zedong  What steps did the Communists take to rebuild the People’s Republic of China?  They provided housing, medical care, food, education, and equal rights for women  What price did China pay for Communist rule?  The loss of private property as government took over ownership of businesses and land, death for as many as a million people

12. Read “China Under Mao”  Why was Mao displeased with China’s economy in the early 1950s?  It was not growing as fast as he wanted  What step did he announce to bring more rapid growth?  The “Great Leap Forward” to increase production

13. Read “Commune Life”  What is a commune?  An organized community in which all members share work and resources  How were communes in China made up?  By combining several villages into one unit, up to 20,000 people  How did the communes change life in rural China?  They made the government, not farmers, decide what to grow; they assigned members their work; they separated families into housing for men, women, and children

14. Read “A New Revolution”  Why did Mao order the Cultural Revolution?  To cleanse China of all ideas except communist ideas  How did he trample on human rights to do so?  By encouraging violence against anyone even suspected of anything but communist beliefs

15. Read “Why it Matters”  How did Mao close off cultural borrowing? How might China’s opening up encourage it again?  The Cultural Revolution ended cultural borrowing while contacts outside would have encouraged it