1. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint ® Lecture Presentations prepared by Leslie Hendon University of Alabama, Birmingham 8 The Appendicular Skeleton

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3. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. I. The Appendicular Skeleton A. Pectoral girdle B. Pelvic girdle C. Upper and lower limbs

4. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. II. The Pectoral Girdle A. clavicle B. scapula - Provides attachment for many muscles that move the upper limb - Girdle is very light and upper limbs are mobile

5. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Acromio- clavicular joint Clavicle Scapula Articulated pectoral girdle

6. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. III. Clavicle A. Extends horizontally across the superior thorax 1. sternal end articulates with the manubrium 2. acromial end articulates with scapula ► Provides attachment for muscles ► Holds the scapulae and arms laterally ► Transmits compression forces - upper limbs

7. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Sternal (medial) end Posterior Anterior Acromial (lateral) end Right clavicle, superior view

8. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. IV. Scapula A. Lie on the dorsal surface of the rib cage B. Located between ribs 2–7 C. Have three borders 1. superior 2. medial (vertebral) 3. Llateral (axillary) D. Have three angles 1. Lateral 2. superior 3. inferior

9. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Acromion Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Lateral border Suprascapular notch Superior border Superior angle Subscapular fossa Medial border Inferior angle Right scapula, anterior aspect

10. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Right scapula, anterior aspect

11. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Superior angle Suprascapular notch Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Coracoid process Acromion Lateral border Medial border Glenoid cavity at lateral angle Spine Right scapula, posterior aspect

12. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Right scapula, posterior aspect

13. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. V. The Upper Limb A. 30 bones form each upper limb B. Grouped into bones of the: 1. Arm 2. Forearm 3. Hand

14. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. VI. Arm Humerus ► The only bone of the arm ► Longest and strongest bone of the upper limb ► Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder ► Articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow

15. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Head of humerus Deltoid tuberosity Capitulum Coronoid fossa Medial epicondyle Trochlea Anterior view

16. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view

17. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Head of humerus Olecranon fossa Medial epicondyle Trochlea Posterior view Lateral epicondyle Deltoid tuberosity Greater tubercle

18. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior view

19. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow (anterior). Anterior view at the elbow region Radius Radial tuberosity Head of radius Capitulum Humerus Radial notch Coronoid process of ulna Trochlea Medial epicondyle Coronoid fossa Ulna

20. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow (posterior). Posterior view of extended elbow Ulna Radius Neck Head Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Olecranon Humerus Olecranon fossa

21. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. VII. Forearm A. radius & ulna articulate with each other B. The interosseous membrane 1. Interconnects radius and ulna C. radius is lateral - ulna is medial

22. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. VIII. Ulna Major landmarks of the ulna ► Olecranon ► Radial notch ► Trochlear notch ► Coronoid process ► Ulnar styloid process

23. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Head Neck Olecranon Troclear notch Coronoid process Radius Radial styloid process Head of ulna Ulnar styloid process Interosseous membrane Ulna Anterior view

24. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view

25. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view View Radial notch Coronoid process Trochlear notch Olecranon

26. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view View

27. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. IX. Radius Major landmarks of the radius: ► Head ► Neck ► Radial tuberosity ► Styloid process

28. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow. Anterior view at the elbow region Radius Radial tuberosity Head of radius Capitulum Humerus Radial notch Coronoid process of ulna Trochlea Medial epicondyle Coronoid fossa Ulna

29. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow. Anterior view at the elbow region

30. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. X. Hand Includes the following bones ► Carpals—wrist ► Metacarpals—palm ► Phalanges—fingers

31. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

32. XI. Carpus (Wrist) Carpal bones A. Proximal row from lateral to medial Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform B. Distal row from lateral to medial Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate thumb ► “Sally left the party thumb ► to take Carmen home”

33. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Trapezium Trapezoid Scaphoid Hamate Capitate Pisiform Triquetrum Lunate Ulna Radius Anterior view of right hand II IIIIV V I Carpal bones thumb ► “Sally left the party thumb ► to take Carmen home”

34. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view of right hand II IIIIV V I Carpal bones

35. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

36. XI. Metacarpals Metacarpals form the palm ► Numbered I - V : beginning with the pollex (thumb)

37. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view of right hand II IIIIV V I

38. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. XII. Phalanges ► Numbered I - V : beginning with the pollex (thumb) ► Except for the thumb, each finger has three phalanges Proximal, middle, and distal

39. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal Anterior view of right hand Distal Proximal

40. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. XIII. Pelvic Girdle A. Attaches lower limbs to the spine B. Supports visceral organs C. Attaches to the axial skeleton by strong ligaments D. Acetabulum is a deep cup that holds the head of the femur E. Paired coxal bones (hip bones) and the sacrum

41. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. XIV. Pelvic Girdle A. Three separate bones (fuse together) ► Ilium ► Ischium ► pubis

42. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ilium Pubis Ischium Pelvic girdle (os coxae or hip bone) Sacrum Coccyx Pubic arch Pubic symphysis Acetabulum Anterior inferior iliac spine Iliac fossa Anterior superior iliac spine Iliac crest Coxal bone

43. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Pelvic girdle Sacrum Coccyx Pubic arch Iliac fossa

44. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior superior iliac spine Ala Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Ischium Ischial tuberosity Lateral view, right hip bone Ilium Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Acetabulum Pubis Ilium Ischium Pubis

45. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ala Lateral view, right hip bone Ilium Ischium Pubis

46. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Male vs. Female Pelvis

47. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. XV. The Lower Limb A. carries the entire weight of the erect body B. lower limb are thicker and stronger than those of upper limb C. Divided into three segments 1. thigh 2. leg 3. foot

48. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. XVI.Thigh A. Femur—the single bone of the thigh ► longest and strongest bone of the body ► head of femur articulates with the acetabulum

49. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Neck Lateral epicondyle Anterior view Femur (thigh bone) Posterior view Medial epicondyle Medial condyle Lateral epicondyle Lateral condyle Gluteal tuberosity Lesser trochanter Head Greater trochanter Fovea capitis

50. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view Femur (thigh bone) Posterior view

51. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. XVII. Patella A. triangular sesamoid bone B. secures the quadriceps muscles C. protects the knee anteriorly D. improves leverage of the thigh muscles across the knee

52. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Patella

53. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. XVIII. Leg A. Tibia - more massive medial bone of the leg 1. receives weight of the body from the femur B. Fibula—sticklike lateral bone of the leg C. Interosseous membrane - connects the tibia and fibula

54. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Lateral condyle Head Tibial tuberosity Medial condyle Interosseous membrane Tibia Fibula Lateral malleolus Anterior view Medial malleolus

55. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view

56. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. XIX. The Foot A. foot is composed of three parts ► tarsals ► metatarsals ► phalanges

57. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. XX. Tarsals A. contains seven bones called tarsals B. body weight is borne primarily by: ► talus ► calcaneus C. other tarsals: ► cuboid ► navicular ► cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, and lateral)

58. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Navicular Lateral cuneiform Cuboid Talus Superior view Calcaneus

59. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Superior view

60. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Calcaneus Talus Lateral view Cuboid Fifth metatarsal Lateral cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Navicular

61. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Lateral view

62. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Medial view Medial cuneiform Calcaneus First metatarsal Intermediate cuneiform Navicular Talus

63. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Medial view

64. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. XXI. Metatarsals A. Numbered I–V beginning with the hallux (great toe)

65. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Phalanges of the Toes A. 14 phalanges of the toes ► Each toe has proximal, middle, and distal phalanges ► Exception: hallux has two phalanges, proximal and distal

66. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. I II III IV V Distal Middle Proximal Tarsals Phalanges Superior view Metatarsals Distal Proximal

67. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Arch of the Foot