2. The Industrial Revolution What is it? The increased output of the machine-made goods- transformed how people did workWhat is it? The increased output of the machine-made goods- transformed how people did work When/Where: It began in England in the mid-1700’sWhen/Where: It began in England in the mid-1700’s Soon spread to Continental Europe and North America-Made possible by the Agricultural RevolutionSoon spread to Continental Europe and North America-Made possible by the Agricultural Revolution

3. The Agricultural Revolution Wealthy landowners bought up small farms- Enclosure MovementWealthy landowners bought up small farms- Enclosure Movement This enabled:This enabled: Forced small land owners off their farms and they moved to the citiesForced small land owners off their farms and they moved to the cities Experimented with new agricultural processesExperimented with new agricultural processes Jethro Tull-seed drillJethro Tull-seed drill Charles Townsend-crop rotation- 4 cropCharles Townsend-crop rotation- 4 crop Robert Bakewell-Selective breedingRobert Bakewell-Selective breeding Results in increase food production- increased populationResults in increase food production- increased population

4. “ Enclosed ” Lands Today

6. Factors of Production Land, Labor and WealthLand, Labor and Wealth Land-(Natural resources)- source of power, mineral resources-coal, iron ore, river and ports for transportationLand-(Natural resources)- source of power, mineral resources-coal, iron ore, river and ports for transportation Labor- (Human Resources) population increases from agricultural production, people in citiesLabor- (Human Resources) population increases from agricultural production, people in cities Wealth-(Capital)Highly developed banking, gave loans, expanding economyWealth-(Capital)Highly developed banking, gave loans, expanding economy

7. Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

8. Invention- Technological Advances Textiles- Cloth (cotton, wool, linen)Textiles- Cloth (cotton, wool, linen) Each new invention leads to anotherEach new invention leads to another All designed to make cloth more quicklyAll designed to make cloth more quickly Eventually hand labor replaced by power- first water then steamEventually hand labor replaced by power- first water then steam

10. John Kay ’ s “ Flying Shuttle ”

11. Spinning Jenny James Hargraves

12. Richard Arkwright: “ Pioneer of the Factory System ” The “Water Frame”

13. Spinning mule Samuel Crompton

14. Edmund Cartwright Power Loom

15. Eli Whitney-Cotton Gin & Interchangeable Parts

16. Improvements in Transportation Steam Engine- James WattSteam Engine- James Watt Steam Boat- Robert Fulton- The ClermontSteam Boat- Robert Fulton- The Clermont First- very clumsy and expensive to operate- but improved quicklyFirst- very clumsy and expensive to operate- but improved quickly Entrepreneur- Person who organizes takes on the risk of businessEntrepreneur- Person who organizes takes on the risk of business John McAdam- “paved roads”John McAdam- “paved roads”

17. Railroads After 1820- Railroads were the keyAfter 1820- Railroads were the key George Stephenson-Rocket- 24 mphGeorge Stephenson-Rocket- 24 mph Made transportation cheaper and faster, created new jobs increased demand for coal and iron, people more mobile, moved to cities, growth of factoriesMade transportation cheaper and faster, created new jobs increased demand for coal and iron, people more mobile, moved to cities, growth of factories

18. James Watt ’ s Steam Engine

19. Steam Tractor

20. Steam Ship

21. An Early Steam Locomotive

22. Later Locomotives

23. British Pig Iron Production

24. Textile Factory Workers in England 1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers 1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers 1850224, 000 looms>1 million workers

25. The Impact of the Railroad

26. Industrialization Section 2 Mixed Blessing- improved many aspects of life, but caused many problemsMixed Blessing- improved many aspects of life, but caused many problems Increased access to higher quality clothes, food, new jobs, etc.Increased access to higher quality clothes, food, new jobs, etc. Growth of factory system-led to urbanization (move to cities)Growth of factory system-led to urbanization (move to cities)

27. Factory Production ) Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor]. ) Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]. ) Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.

28. Problems of Industrialization Uncontrolled growth-no sanitary plans, building codes, shortage of housing, overcrowding, pollution, disease, poor working conditionsUncontrolled growth-no sanitary plans, building codes, shortage of housing, overcrowding, pollution, disease, poor working conditions Average work-6 days per week, 14 hours per day, poor pay, monotonous work, dangerous- especially coal minesAverage work-6 days per week, 14 hours per day, poor pay, monotonous work, dangerous- especially coal mines

29. Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”

30. Young Coal Miners

31. The Factory System × Rigid schedule. × 12-14 hour day. × Dangerous conditions. × Mind-numbing monotony.

32. Textile Factory Workers in England

33. Class Tensions Lots of working poor, but the emergence of the middle-classLots of working poor, but the emergence of the middle-class –”New Money” Factory owners, bankers, merchants, skilled workersNouveau Riche –”New Money” Factory owners, bankers, merchants, skilled workers Later doctors, lawyers, managersLater doctors, lawyers, managers Growing poor-unskilled workers- replaced by machinesGrowing poor-unskilled workers- replaced by machines Luddites-Smashed machinesLuddites-Smashed machines

34. The Luddites: 1811-1816 Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest] Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].

35. 19 c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

36. Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

37. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

38. “ Upstairs ” / “ Downstairs ” Life

39. Industrialization

40. Effects of the Industrial Revolution Created jobs, created wealth, foster technological invention and progress, increased the production of goods and raised the “standard of living”Created jobs, created wealth, foster technological invention and progress, increased the production of goods and raised the “standard of living” Healthier diets, cheaper mass produced clothing, created demand for better education for new jobsHealthier diets, cheaper mass produced clothing, created demand for better education for new jobs Eventually led to labor unions- improved lives of factory workersEventually led to labor unions- improved lives of factory workers

41. Negative Effects of Industrialization Dangerous and poor working conditionsDangerous and poor working conditions pollution pollution slums slums disease, lack of adequate medical care. disease, lack of adequate medical care. Child labor abusesChild labor abuses Increasing class of working poorIncreasing class of working poor

42. Industrial Staffordshire

43. Problems of Polution The Silent Highwayman - 1858

44. Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

45. The New Industrial City

46. Worker Housing in Manchester

47. Factory Workers at Home

48. Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

49. The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

50. Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

53. Industrialization Spreads Section 3 Britain-Favorable location, geography, financial systems, political stability, natural resourcesBritain-Favorable location, geography, financial systems, political stability, natural resources Spreads to other countries-USASpreads to other countries-USA USA-Water, land, people, resources- coal, iron ore- also Blockade- War of 1812-became self-sufficientUSA-Water, land, people, resources- coal, iron ore- also Blockade- War of 1812-became self-sufficient Britain- Forbid engineers, toolmakers, mechanics to emmigrateBritain- Forbid engineers, toolmakers, mechanics to emmigrate

54. Industrialization United States Samuel SlaterSamuel Slater 1789-Built spinning machine-thread1789-Built spinning machine-thread Moses Brown- 1 st Factory-PawtucketMoses Brown- 1 st Factory-Pawtucket Rhode Island

55. Lowell Massachusetts Factory Town-Factory Town- women lived away from home, the factories built dormitories and factory-towns for the women. These factories also had all parts of production included in one building. This is called the “Lowell System.”women lived away from home, the factories built dormitories and factory-towns for the women. These factories also had all parts of production included in one building. This is called the “Lowell System.”

56. Industrialization- U.S. Mostly in New England-but after the Civil War (1861-1865) spreads to rest of countryMostly in New England-but after the Civil War (1861-1865) spreads to rest of country Growth- resources, swelling urban population (immigration), new technologies-light bulb, telephoneGrowth- resources, swelling urban population (immigration), new technologies-light bulb, telephone Growth of Railroads (transportation- Chicago, Minneapolis, St. Louis)Growth of Railroads (transportation- Chicago, Minneapolis, St. Louis)

57. Big Business Need for large amounts of $- railroads, steel, oilNeed for large amounts of $- railroads, steel, oil Start of the Corporation-owned by stockholders share profits but not responsible for its debts.Start of the Corporation-owned by stockholders share profits but not responsible for its debts. JD Rockefeller-Standard Oil, Andrew Carnegie- Carnegie SteelJD Rockefeller-Standard Oil, Andrew Carnegie- Carnegie Steel

58. Industrialization-Europe Between 1789-1815 Napoleonic Wars interrupted industrialization in EuropeBetween 1789-1815 Napoleonic Wars interrupted industrialization in Europe Belgium- William Cockerill & sonBelgium- William Cockerill & son Germany-railroads and steel industries-quickly develops-copied BritishGermany-railroads and steel industries-quickly develops-copied British Some countries limited by lack of resources and natural barriers, social problemsSome countries limited by lack of resources and natural barriers, social problems

59. Worldwide impact Rise of Global Inequality-Industrialized vs. non-industrializedRise of Global Inequality-Industrialized vs. non-industrialized Industrialized countries see non- industrialized countries as a source of raw materials and market for products- Imperialism-extending power over another countryIndustrialized countries see non- industrialized countries as a source of raw materials and market for products- Imperialism-extending power over another country Transformation of society- increase in population, urbanization, life expectancy, wealth- not all equally sharedTransformation of society- increase in population, urbanization, life expectancy, wealth- not all equally shared

60. Share in World Manufacturing Output: 1750-1900

62. Veterans Day http://www.history.com/content/vete ransday/veterans-day-video http://www.history.com/content/vete ransday/veterans-day-video http://video.google.com/videosearc h?hl=en&resnum=0&q=tomb+of+un known+soldier&um=1&ie=UTF- 8&ei=LtD6Sp_1KMLfnAeMlM2CDQ &sa=X&oi=video_result_group&ct=t itle&resnum=10&ved=0CCIQqwQw CQ# http://video.google.com/videosearc h?hl=en&resnum=0&q=tomb+of+un known+soldier&um=1&ie=UTF- 8&ei=LtD6Sp_1KMLfnAeMlM2CDQ &sa=X&oi=video_result_group&ct=t itle&resnum=10&ved=0CCIQqwQw CQ#

64. Adam Smith “Laissez faire”-”let do”-“Laissez faire”-”let do”- Government should stay out of the economy Adam Smith -Wealth of Nations- economic liberty= economic progress, “Invisible hand of self-interest” Capitalism-economic system private ownership and profit motive

65. Thomas Malthus × Population growth will outpace the food supply. × War, disease, or famine could control population. × The poor should have less children. × Food supply will then keep up with population.

67. David Ricardo × “Iron Law of Wages.” × When wages are high, workers have more children. × More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages.

68. The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill × The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number. × There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net.

69. Jeremy Bentham

70. The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists × People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals. × Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few. × Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

71. Karl Marx In a higher phase of communist society... only then can the narrow horizon of bourgeois right be fully left behind and society inscribe on its banners: from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.In a higher phase of communist society... only then can the narrow horizon of bourgeois right be fully left behind and society inscribe on its banners: from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people.Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people.

72. Communism The theory of Communism may be summed up in one sentence: Abolish all private property.The theory of Communism may be summed up in one sentence: Abolish all private property. The worker of the world has nothing to lose, but their chains, workers of the world unite.The worker of the world has nothing to lose, but their chains, workers of the world unite.

73. Labor Unions Collective Bargaining- negotiation between workers and their employersCollective Bargaining- negotiation between workers and their employers Reform Laws- Child labor/womenReform Laws- Child labor/women Abolitionism/Women’s Rights, EducationAbolitionism/Women’s Rights, Education

74. Other Reform Movements Abolition of SlaveryAbolition of Slavery England- 1833-Moral & Economic threatEngland- 1833-Moral & Economic threat Women’s Rights- Jane Addams- Hull House, Suffrage MovementWomen’s Rights- Jane Addams- Hull House, Suffrage Movement Education- Free public- Horace MannEducation- Free public- Horace Mann