1. Foner, Ch. 9: Market Revolution, 1800-1840 1. A NEW ECONOMY 2. MARKET SOCIETY 3. THE FREE INDIVIDUAL 4. VISIONS, REALITIES, AND LIMITS OF PROSPERITY

2. MARKET REVOLUTION TRANSFORMING ISOLATED WESTERN AREAS INTO COMMERCIAL ECONOMIES THROUGH INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT LINKING EAST TO WEST LINKING US TO REST OF WORLD

3. SITUATION IN EARLY 19 TH CENTURY EAST IS ALREADY ENGAGED IN NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE WEST IS STILL ISOLATED AMERICANS PUSH WEST AND BUILT HOMESTEADS/FARMS COULD NOT BUILD ROADS, BRIDGES, CANALS, AND RAILWAYS

4. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION REVOLUTIONS INVESTMENTS IN INFRASTRUCTURE REDUCED TRANSPORTATION COASTS BROUGHT AMERICAN FARMERS INTO NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL MARKETS MADE THEM CONSUMERS OF MANUFACTURED GOODS INCREASE IN TRADE

5. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION REVOLUTIONS TO INCLUDE: TOLL ROADS/TURNPIKES STEAMBOATS, 1807 CANALS: ERIE CANAL, 1825 OPENED MID-WEST TO GLOBAL MARKET SPURRED OTHER STATES TO BUILD CANALS

6. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION REVOLUTIONS TO INCLUDE: RAILROADS OPENED UP TERRITORIES FAR REMOVED FROM WATER SOURCES 1828-BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD STIMULATED COAL AND IRON MANUFACTURING

7. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION REVOLUTIONS ALSO: TELEGRAPH: 1844 INSTANT NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION UNIFORM PRICES, AVAILABILITY OF NEWS

8. WESTWARD EXPANSION TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION IMPROVEMENTS -FOSTERED WESTERN MIGRATION AFTER WAR OF 1812—4.5 MILLION PEOPLE CROSSED APPALACHIAN MTN RANGE

9. WESTWARD EXPANSION REGIONAL PATTERNS: -NORTH WEST REFLECTED CULTURE OF NY, NEW ENGLAND --CITIES, SMALL TOWNS WITH CHURCHES, SCHOOLS, GENERALLY DEMOCRATIC, FREE LABOR -SOUTH WEST REPLICATED PLANTATION CULTURE OF SOUTH EAST --FEW MAJOR CITIES, ELITE DOMINATED, SLAVERY

10. RISE OF COTTON KINGDOM INTENSIFICATION OF NORTH/SOUTH DIVIDE -SPREAD OF SLAVERY/COTTON PLANTATIONS CONTRIBUTING FACTORS: -INDUSTRIAL DEMAND FOR COTTON -COTTON GIN, 1793 (ELI WHITNEY) -OPENING DEEP SOUTH TO WHITE SETTLEMENT --NATIVES CLEARED OUT AFTER 1815

11. REVITALIZATION OF SLAVERY 1 MILLION SLAVES FORCED WESTWARD -SLAVE FAMILIES DESTROYED SOUTH DOMINATED BY LARGE PLANTATION FARMS -GROWTH OF COTTON PRODUCTION: --1796-5 MILLION POUNDS --1820-170 MILLION POUNDS

12. MARKET SOCIETY SOUTH: -REMAINS PRIMARILY RURAL, AGRICULTURAL, SLAVE BASED, SELLING PRODUCTS OVERSEAS NORTH: -COMMERCIALIZATION OF NORTH WEST FARMING -FROM CRAFT PRODUCTION TO FACTORY MASS PRODUCTION -FACTORY SYSTEM

13. GROWTH OF IMMIGRATION ECONOMIC EXPANSION DEPENDED ON IMMIGRANT LABOR: -1840-1860: 4 MILLION IMMIGRANTS-MOSTLY TO NORTH FACTORS INCLUDED: -ACCESS TO JOBS/LAND IN NORTH -DISPLACEMENT FROM EUROPE SPURRED IMMIGRATION -CHEAPER LONG DISTANCE TRAVEL -AMERICAN FREEDOMS -IRISH POTATO FAMINE, 1845-1851

14. RISE OF NATIVISM ANTI-IMMIGRANT BACKLASH IRISH PERCEIVED AS: -SUBSERVIENT TO POPE -STEALING AMERICAN JOBS -LAZY, STUPID, EASILY MANIPULATED BY POLITICIANS 1840S-FIRST ANTI-IMMIGRANT RIOTS, NYC, PHILADELPHIA

15. THE FREE INDIVIDUAL THE LINKING OF “THE WEST” AND “FREEDOM” CHANGING DEFINITION OF FREEDOM: --USED TO MEAN NATURAL RIGHTS/AMERICAN RIGHTS --NOW MEANT “INDIVIDUALISM” --FREEDOM OF INDIVIDUAL TO FIND “SELF- FULFILLMENT” --FREE OF TRADITIONAL SOCIAL CUSTOMS AND GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCE

16. VISIONS, REALITIES, LIMITS OF PROSPERITY IDEALS OF MARKET REVOLUTION: --COMPETITION AND MATERIAL ADVANCEMENT OPEN TO ALL BENEFICIARIES: --WHITES/NEW MIDDLE CLASS BANKERS, MERCHANTS, INDUSTRIALISTS, PLANTERS MIDDLE CLASS EMPLOYERS COMMERCIAL FARMERS PROFESSIONALS CRAFTSMEN

17. LIMITS TO PROSPERITY FREE BLACKS: --DOWNWARD SOCIAL MOBILITY --DENOUNCE BY WHITE CRAFTSMEN AS CHEAP LABOR --RARELY HIRED --MENIAL LABOR INDIANA, ILLINOIS, IOWA, OREGON ALL MOVED TO PROHIBIT BLACK IMMIGRATION

18. LIMITS TO PROSPERITY WOMEN: -WORK SEEN AS VALUABLE ONLY IF YOU GET PAID FOR IT -WAGE-EARNING WOMEN PAID LESS THAN MEN MARRIED WOMEN DID NOT CONTROL OWN WAGES

19. EARLY LABOR MOVEMENT CONCERNS: -IRREGULAR EMPLOYMENT -WIDENING INEQUALITY WITH WEALTHY/TERRIBLE PAY FORMS: -1820S WORKINGMEN’S PARTIES -STRIKES/UNIONS DEMANDS: -LAND, PUBLIC EDUCATION, HIGHER WAGES, SHORTER HOURS, LEGAL RIGHT TO ORGANIZE

20. EARLY LABOR MOVEMENT UNDERLYING VALUES : --ECONOMIC AUTONOMY: --WAGES MEANT ECONOMIC DEPENDENCE SOCIAL EQUALITY: --JEFFERSONIAN IDEAL OF ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE --CHALLENGED IDEA THAT WORK ALONE COULD LEAD TO WEALTH