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Basic Chemistry & Bonding
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The science of matter and the reactions caused when different kinds of matter interact. All living organisms rely on interactions of matter in order to survive Example: H 2 O is needed to digest carbohydrates such as glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 in order to give your body energy.
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The smallest unit of matter How small is small? 1 Atom of Helium Diameter = 50 picometers Mass = 1.67 x 10 -27 kilograms This is a carbon atom. Atoms most common in living organisms: carbon nitrogen hydrogen oxygen Anything that has mass and volume.
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Name: Description: Favorite Activity: Name: Description: Favorite Activity: Name: Description: Favorite Activity:
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NUCLEUS: CENTER OF THE ATOM PROTONS – POSITIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES (+) NEUTRONS – PARTICLES WITH NO CHARGE (0) ELECTRON LEVELS (CLOUDS): INVISIBLE RINGS AROUND THE NUCLEUS ELECTRIONS – NEGATIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES (-) 1 st Cloud: 2 electrons 2 nd Cloud: 8 electrons 3 rd Cloud: 8 electrons
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The number of protons an atom has. This number never changes! Can be found on the periodic table
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Mass of atom is found in the nucleus Atomic Mass = Protons + Neutrons
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1. Draw the Nucleus and at least one electron level 2. Add protons (+) and neutrons (o) into the nucleus 3. Add electrons remembering the number each level can hold; you may need to add more electron levels 1 st : 2 electrons 2 nd : 8 electrons 3 rd : 8 electrons
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Element – a substance made of only one kind of atom Example: Carbon Atoms can combine to make elemental carbon in the form of coal or diamonds. Atomic Number – number of protons and electrons; atomic number of an atom never changes Atomic Mass – number of protons + neutrons (mass of atom is found in the nucleus)
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A chart of all elements known to man. Arranged in rows and columns. In order of atomic number; Always changing.
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ElementNumber of Protons Number of Neutrons Number of Electrons 1 st Energy Level Electrons 2 nd Energy Level Electrons 3 rd Energy Level Electrons Carbon Chlorine Helium Hydrogen Lithium Magnesium Neon Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Sodium Sulfer
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Compound: A substance made of atoms of two or more different elements Why do atoms bond together? Atoms bond together to fill up their outermost energy levels; to become stable Stability: An atom is stable if its outermost energy level is filled up. AtomProtonsNeutronsElectrons1 st Energy Level 2 nd Energy Level 3 rd Energy Level Stable? Hydrogen Sodium Neon Chlorine Oxygen
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Chemical Bond: A force that holds two or more atoms together; atoms bond to become stable Valence Electrons: The electrons in the outermost energy level only Dot Diagram: A diagram that shows the chemical symbol and dots representing only valence electrons To become stable, atoms can GAIN, LOSE, OR SHARE electrons.
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COVALENT BOND: CHEMICAL BOND FORMED BY A SHARING OF ELECTRONS FORMED WHEN BOTH ATOMS NEED ELECTRONS IONIC BOND: CHEMICAL BOND FORMED BY ONE ATOM LOSING ELECTRONS AND ANOTHER ATOM GAINING ELECTRONS
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Ion: An atom that has gained or lost electrons; an atom that has a positive or negative charge Draw a Dot Diagram of the following atoms… Sodium Chlorine Hydrogen Oxygen
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SodiumChlorine
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MagnesiumOxygen
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Gains an electron? The atom becomes more negative (negative ion) Loses an electron? The atom becomes more positive (positive ion)
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Molecule: Two or more atoms that are covalently bonded (sharing electrons).
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HydrogenFluorine
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Oxygen
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HydrogenOxygenHydrogen
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ElementSymbolDot DiagramStable? Unstable? Gain or Lose? How many? Hydrogen Helium Lithium Carbon Aluminum Sulfur Chlorine Argon Chemical Bonding
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1. LiCl Type of Bond: Explanation:
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