1. Human Rights in Development Professor Todd Landman Director Institute for Democracy and Conflict Resolution University of Essex Wivenhoe Park Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ United Kingdom www.idcr.org.uk

2. Modules Development and human rights: concepts and relationships –Lecture and discussion –Working groups Assessing impact and the value of human rights-based approaches to development

3. Development and Human Rights Background and introduction Definitions and dimensions Attributes and measures Methods and relationships Problems and limitations Summary and implications

4. Background and Introduction Development and human rights are at the heart of the UN Bretton Woods institutions (IMF and IBRD) largely in ‘charge’ of development –Emphasis on growth –Fiscal and monetary policy –Rise and fall of the ‘Washington Consensus’ UN and regional systems for the promotion and protection of human rights –Standards and instruments –Treaty bodies and institutions –General comments and concluding observations –Categories, dimensions, and principles of human rights

5. Background and introduction Mainstreaming human rights –UNDP –Vienna Declaration and Programme for Action –MDGs and human rights Post Cold War –Increase in the number of states –Increased ratification War on Terror

6. Definitions and dimensions Development Human Rights

7. Development Traditional views –GNP/GDP –Income growth Beyond GDP growth –Poverty and poverty reduction (alleviation) –Income distribution –Inequality Values –Sustenance –Self esteem –Freedom from servitude Development as Freedom (Amartya Sen) Greatest area of linkage to human rights conceptually

8. Human Rights Categories –Civil and political –Economic, social, and cultural –Solidarity Dimensions –Respect –Protect –Fulfil Principles –Universality & Inalienability –Indivisibility –Interdependence & inter- relatedness –Equality & non- discrimination –Participation & inclusion –Accountability & rule of law

10. Attributes and measures

11. Measuring human rights Events-based measures –Who did what to whom –Counting units Standards-based measures –Levels of protection –Scaling countries Survey-based measures –Perceptions and experiences –Individual responses Socio-economic and administrative statistics –Government statistics –Mixed units

12. Methods and relationships Empirical relationships –Comparative and statistical –Test theoretical propositions –Direction, magnitude, significance Policy relationships –Declaratory and aspirational –New discourse of development –Difficult to implement

14. Policy relationships Human rights standards –Human rights empower people –People need to struggle for rights –The right to development (RTD) Human rights principles –Human rights-based approaches to development (HRBA) –Added value of human rights principles to development

15. Problems and limitations Separate worlds of development and human rights are still in tension Work on statistics and human rights still fairly new –Source materials and bias –Coding, validity, viability, complexity, and reliability –Correlation, causation, attribution and contribution

16. Summary and implications Huge policy communities Huge sums of money dedicated to this area of work Immediate needs –Better data collection –Dissemination of best practice –More training of NGOs and development delivery specialists –More realistic expectations

17. Assessing Impact and the Value of Human Rights-Based Approaches to Development (HRBA )

18. Outline The global agenda Human rights impact assessment (HRIA) Human rights based approaches to development (HRBA) Limitations of HRBA Value added of HRBA Summary of two modules

19. The global agenda Right to Development (RTD) Human rights-based approaches (HRBA) Human rights and the millennium development goals (MDGs)

20. Human Rights Impact Assessment (HRIA) Forms –Direct –Indirect Timing –Ex ante –Ex post

21. Forms DirectIndirect Timing Ex ante I Intentional planning to change the human rights situation II Awareness of impact of other and/or unrelated activities Ex post III Evaluation and assessment of policies, strategies, and programmes for changing the human rights situation IV Evaluation and assessment of outcomes of policies, strategies, and programmes that were not intended for changing the human rights situation

22. Theories of change Intervention assumption Complexity –Time –Causation –Spuriousness –Contribution v. Attribution Methods –Qualitative –Quantitative –Hybrid

24. Human rights situation Time (t) No apparent effect

25. Human rights situation Time (t) Apparent ‘slope’ effect

26. Human rights situation Time (t) Apparent ‘intercept’ effect (aka ‘step change’)

27. Human rights situation Time (t) Apparent ‘slope’ and ‘intercept’ effect

28. Causal ConditionsOutcome CasesABCDEF 1Abcdef 2Abcdef 3AbcdEf 4ABCDeF 5ABCDEF 6ABCDeF 7AbcdEf 8Abcdef 9ABCDeF 10ABCDEF A = establishment of an international human rights standard B = domestic implementation of the international standard C = capacity building of local NGOs D = supportive domestic political environment E = supportive supranational environment F = improvement in human rights situation

29. B domestic implementation of the international standard C capacity building of local NGOs D supportive domestic political environment F improvement in human rights situation + + = Contribution

30. Human Rights Based Approaches (HRBA) to Development Integration of norms, standards and principles of international human rights in the plans, policies and processes of development Rights holders and duty bearers –Empowerment of rights holders –Obligations of duty bearers Assessment, monitoring, and evaluation in human rights terms

31. Comparison with development Similarities –Participation –Transparency and accountability Differences –Processes and outcomes –Obligations –Empowerment (social and legal) –Charity is insufficient driver –Structural and immediate causes –Holistic analysis

32. Typical ‘checklist’ items for HRBA Normative stance on the side of vulnerable in society Those involved have thorough knowledge of human rights Recognise agency of people Activities aimed at structural roots of problems Involved communities play an active role Information is widely shared Collective action Rights holders and duty bearers identified Inter-related rights considerations Impact on equality and non- discrimination Right to organise Adequate standard of living addressed

33. Limitations to HRBA State capacity – domestic legal apparatus Rights awareness –Among development workers –Within the affected groups Inadequacy of international regime Lack of social science methods –Measurement –Analysis

34. Value added Well grounded framework Principles more palatable than standards –Less absolutism –No ‘obligations’ Process and outcome are both important State-individual relationship Conditions for agency

35. Summary of Two Modules Inter-mingling of two dominant discourses Moved beyond markets and income to values, processes, and outcomes Moved the individual human to the centre of development work Improved our ability to measure, but much work is still needed Theories of change, society, incentives, institutions and more are needed Methods of analysis are still under developed and/or under used by practitioners Capacity building in methods is needed Methods can be a force for change but can yield ‘inconvenient facts’