2. May 24, 2005 Advanced Liquid Crystal Technologies, Inc. 1 Liquid Crystalline Elastomers as Artificial Muscles P.E. Cladis Advanced Liquid Crystal Tech. Summit, NJ 07902-1314

3. May 24, 2005 Advanced Liquid Crystal Technologies, Inc. 2 Stress-Strain in Smectic A SLCEs Strasbourg ILCC 1998 – Nicole Assfalg Alumni from Heino Finkelmann's Group See also: Liquid crystalline elastomers as artificial muscles

4. May 24, 2005 Advanced Liquid Crystal Technologies, Inc. 3 Spontaneous Shape Change: Sample Preparation P.E. Cladis: Phase Transitions in Liquid Crystalline Elastomers:A Fundamental Aspect of LCEs as Artificial Muscles in Interactive Dynamics of Convection and Solidification, P. Erhard, D.S. Riley and P.H. Steen (eds), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (2001) p. 123.

5. May 24, 2005 Advanced Liquid Crystal Technologies, Inc. 4 Spontaneous Shape Change: Result

6. May 24, 2005 Advanced Liquid Crystal Technologies, Inc. 5 Goal 1998 Symposium on Artificial Muscles and Liquid Crystalline Elastomers Partially supported by NSF DMR 9871475 http://alct.com/fps/index.htm

7. May 24, 2005 Advanced Liquid Crystal Technologies, Inc. 6 First works

8. May 24, 2005 Advanced Liquid Crystal Technologies, Inc. 7 Graduation First Results: Thin samples Kyushu University 2001

9. May 24, 2005 Advanced Liquid Crystal Technologies, Inc. 8 Swelling Dynamics: Samples PR E 69, 021710 (2004) PR E 69, 021710 (2004) Swelling dynamics of liquid crystal elastomers swollen with low molecular weight liquid crystals Yusril Yusuf,* Y. Ono, Y. Sumisaki, P. E. Cladis†, H. R. Brand, H.Finkelmann,Shoichi Kai‡ Sample 5CB & MBBA swelling agent Monomer and Polydomain LCEs From Heino Finkelmann’s Lab 150  m thick, 1x0.5mm 2 Viewed in Polarizing Microscope Swollen Nematic LSCE

10. May 24, 2005 Advanced Liquid Crystal Technologies, Inc. 9 MONO1 Dimension || n does not change! PR E 69, 021710 (2004)

11. May 24, 2005 Advanced Liquid Crystal Technologies, Inc. 10 MONO2 and POLY PR E 69, 021710 (2004)

12. May 24, 2005 Advanced Liquid Crystal Technologies, Inc. 11 Picture PR E 69, 021710 (2004)

13. May 24, 2005 Advanced Liquid Crystal Technologies, Inc. 12 Swelling Dynamics POLY: 5CB ~8min MBBA ~6min MONO: 5CB ~16min MBBA ~30min Inverse swelling ratio PR E 69, 021710 (2004)

14. May 24, 2005 Advanced Liquid Crystal Technologies, Inc. 13 Swelling Temperature Dependence Temperature dependence None for Dry POLY Lots for MONO and Swollen POLY PR E 69, 021710 (2004) MONO1 POLY  Dry swollen

15. May 24, 2005 Advanced Liquid Crystal Technologies, Inc. 14 Electric Field Yusuf et al. PRE 71, 061702 (2005)

16. May 24, 2005 Advanced Liquid Crystal Technologies, Inc. 15 Voltage Dependence Yusuf et al. Low-voltage-driven electromechanical effects of swollen liquid-crystal elastomers... Threshold about 1.5V independent of sample thickness – typical for LMWLCs Better reorientation, larger shape change – cf Slide 8

17. May 24, 2005 Advanced Liquid Crystal Technologies, Inc. 16 Temperature Dependence Yusuf et al. PR E June 2005 MONO1 – maximum  depends on sample thickness, here about 20  m MONO2 – 

18. May 24, 2005 Advanced Liquid Crystal Technologies, Inc. 17 Characteristic Times,  Yusuf et al. PR E June 2005 Switch onSwitch off

19. May 24, 2005 Advanced Liquid Crystal Technologies, Inc. 18 Voltage Dependence of 1/  Yusuf et al. PR E June 2005

20. May 24, 2005 Advanced Liquid Crystal Technologies, Inc. 19 Voltage Summary Yusuf et al. PR E June 2005

21. May 24, 2005 Advanced Liquid Crystal Technologies, Inc. 20 Acknowledgements We thank the IMA for the opportunity to present these results. Yusril Yusuf,* Y. Ono, Y. Sumisaki, Jong-Hoon Huh, H. R. Brand, H.Finkelmann, Shoichi Kai‡ Nicole Assfalg PEC thanks the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences for a Research Prize enabling this research.

22. May 24, 2005 Advanced Liquid Crystal Technologies, Inc. 21 Kyushu 3/2001