1. The Normal EKG Eric J Milie D.O.

2. Sinus Rhythm P wave before every QRS complex P waves upright in II, negative in aVr Reproducibility of the R-R interval

3. Sinus Rhythm

4. Rate <60bpm bradycardia >100bpm tachycardia Normal rate between 60 and 100 bpm If regular with <10% variation of R-R interval, termed “sinus arrhythmia”

5. Determining Rate EKG grid made of large and small boxes One large box= 0.2ms One small box= 0.04ms

6. Determining Rate Locate a QRS complex on a bold line (ie edge of large box) If the next QRS complex is separated by one large box, the rate is 300, two boxes 150, three boxes 100, etc.

7. Example

8. Rate If rhythm is irregular, may use the “six second rule” to estimate the rate Count the number of QRS complexes present in span of 30 large boxes, then multiply by 10 for an estimated heart rate

9. Axis Normal QRS in an adult between –30° and +105° Axis determined by finding “isoelectric” lead I, aVF most important for quick estimate

10. Axis

11. Intervals

12. P-R interval: beginning of p-wave to beginning of QRS; normal 0.12-0.2ms (3-5 small blocks) Q-T interval: initiation of QRS complex to termination of T wave. Normal QT is 0.4 +/- 0.05ms QT normal if <1/2 of the R-R interval

13. QRS QRS complex represents the depolarization through the ventricles Normal QRS duration between 0.08 and 0.12ms (2-3 small blocks)

14. S-T segment Distance from the termination of the QRS complex to the initiation of the T- wave Important to note its configuration (depression or elevation) J-point: where ST segment “takes off” from QRS

15. ST Elevation

16. T-wave Should be of the same direction as the main deflection of QRS complexes in all leads Positive in II, V3-V6 Negative in aVR Variable in other leads No greater than 5mm in limb leads and 10mm in precoridal

17. Pathological Q waves Significant Q-wave is >1mm wide OR >1/3the total vertical magnitude of the QRS Must be present in contiguous leads for clinical significance Small Q-waves common in I, ii, V5 and V6 and are considered “non-pathologic”

18. Localizing Injury

19. R wave progression Transition from a mostly negative to a mostly positive QRS complex in the precordial leads should occur between V3 and V4 Before V3 “early transition” After V4 “poor R-wave progression”

20. Poor R wave Progression