1. America’s History Eighth Edition America: A Concise History Sixth Edition CHAPTER 9 Transforming the Economy 1800–1860 Copyright © 2014 by Bedford/St. Martin’s James A. Henretta Eric Hinderaker Rebecca Edwards Robert O. Self

3. I. The American Industrial Revolution A. The Division of Labor and the Factory 1. Labor -Mass production = luxury items consumed by all. Shoe industry introduced outwork system w/ division of labor. 2. The factory -Concentrated production in one location/building; division of labor utilized; increased output; us of coal over water

5. I. The American Industrial Revolution B. The Textile Industry and British Competition 1. American and British Advantages -British fearful of US competition. Prohibited mechanics from emigrating fearing they’d give away British secrets. 2. Better Machines, Cheaper Workers -Americans improved British technology. Recruited young farm women as laborers. Waltham-Lowell System.

7. I. The American Industrial Revolution C. American Mechanics and Technological Innovation 1. Mechanics -Develop innovative factory tech. Sellers family develop machines to weave wire sieves; ran machine shops that built fire hoses. 2. Tools -Machine tools: made parts for other machines. Eli Whitney developed cotton gin. Develops many inventions that help increase output beyond the British system.

9. I. The American Industrial Revolution D. Wageworkers and the Labor Movement 1. Free Workers Form Unions -Outwork + factory system > craft workers. Received wage and direction. Employees dislike using “master” and use Dutch word “Boss.” 2. Labor Ideology -Shoemakers (Lynn, MA) form mutual benefit societies; others follow. 1834 National Trade Union, first regional union. Commonwealth v Hunt (1842) ruled unions legal.

11. II. The Market Revolution A. The Transportation Revolution Forges Regional Ties 1. Canals and Steamboats Shrink Distance -State govs. Pay private companies to build toll roads (turnpikes). 1806 Congress has money for National Road. Roads slow, water travel used. Erie Canal connects Hudson R. to Lake Erie. 2. Railroads Link the North and Midwest -NY, Boston, London capitalists invest in RR. Midwest farmers could export crops to East and Europe.

16. II. The Market Revolution B. The Growth of Cities and Towns 1. West and Midwest Urban pop in US grows substantially. Manufacturing centers (Chicago + St. Louis) and transit centers (Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, New Orleans) 2. Atlantic coastal cities -Boston, NY, Philadelphia, Baltimore important for import/export and become financial centers.

19. III. New Social Classes and Cultures A. The Business Elite 1. Before industrialization -Americans consider rank (notable families vs lower orders). Rural share common culture in spite of economic differences. 2. The urban wealthy -Industrialization changed order. Created distinct classes. Diff. between rural and urban increasingly pronounced. Cities divided by class, race, and ethnicity.

21. III. New Social Classes and Cultures B. The Middle Class 1. Who they were -Middle class = farmers, mechanics, manufacturers, traders, contractors, business owners; mostly Northeast, some in South. Men work to supply family with comfortable home. Women help in house and have time for leisure. Stress schooling and hard work. 2. The self-made man -Ones hard work could lead to success/wealth.

24. III. New Social Classes and Cultures C. Urban Workers and the Poor 1. Laborers -1840 about half white pop. Worked for someone else. Lower class worked dangerous temporary jobs. Low pay. Children often worked instead of school. 2. Alcohol -Wage workers sought solace in alcohol. Workday drinking resulted in fights, robberies.

25. III. New Social Classes and Cultures D. The Benevolent Empire 1. Conservative social reform -Congregational + Presbyterian ministers led benevolence organizations. Went into community to organize groups to combat vices. 2. Discipline -Benevolent societies encouraged discipline and “regular habits.” Devised institutions to help needy and control unruly. Argued working Sundays part of societies decline.

26. III. New Social Classes and Cultures E. Charles Grandison Finney: Revivalism and Reform 1. Evangelical Beliefs -Second Great Awakening minister. Converted people of all classes. Middle class vowed to encourage workers to change social habits. 2. Temperance -Most successful evangelical social reform. American Temperance Society had more than 200,000 members.

28. III. New Social Classes and Cultures F. Immigration and Cultural Conflict 1. Irish Poverty Many immigrants avoid the South between 1840 and 1860 because of slavery. Poorest migrants were fleeing Ireland. Settled in NE and NY. 2. Nativism -Anti-Catholic sentiment rose as number of Catholics increase in Protestant nation. Samuel F. B. Morse’s Foreign Conspiracy Against the Liberties of the United States argued Catholics have allegience to Pope.