1. Oceanic Magnetic Fields Robert Tyler -Planetary Geodynamics Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center -Astronomy Department, University of Maryland College Park Academia Sinica Tapei, 2012 Emphasis on connection with ocean/climate studies and the potential for magnetic remote sensing of large-scale ocean heat transport and variability Brief review of “modern” studies + work in progress

2. If not for confounding “noise,” magnetic remote sensing should be the method of choice for remote sensing large-scale ocean flow The ocean flow generated magnetic fields pass unharmed through ice These magnetic fields represent natural integrals of flow (i.e. flow transport)  we “see” all the way to the sea floor The flow involved is in fact weighted by electrical conductivity, which is a function of temperature  The transport involved therefore represents heat transport, a primary climate variable (about half of the poleward heat transport is carried in the ocean) Studies indicate that the task of inversion (i.e. obtaining unique flow transports from the magnetic signals) is easy The dynamic ocean is observationally under sampled (hopelessly so) by in situ methods The ocean is relatively opaque to most remote sensing methods (compared to the atmosphere, say)  we usually “see” only the surface Sometimes the surface is covered with ice

3. But there is “noise” The ocean flow magnetic signals are weak (though above detection and a substantial part of unmodeled residuals) There is substantial overlap of space/time scales with other signals

4. Review: There are various electrodynamic processes in ocean

5. MHD in thin ocean is a different process (and involves different scaling) than the process described in the usual description of induction. Unlike typical cases of MHD, direct path of EM propagation is relatively unimportant

6. The Lorentz forces on ocean can usually be neglected (except on millennial climate scales and/or for past stronger geomagnetic fields)

7. 2) Magnetic field signature of Earth’s ocean tides (Tyler, et al., Science, 2003) Eddy electric currents in ocean Magnetic field observed by Galileo indicates presence of conducting ocean 1) Magnetic induction response of Europa (Khurana, et al., Nature, 1998) Magnetic field observed by CHAMP satellite describes global ocean tides observed: predicted: observed: predicted: Review: Examples of induction vs. motional induction F Jupiter’s background field

8. But there is “noise” The ocean flow magnetic signals are weak (though above detection and a substantial part of unmodeled residuals) There is substantial overlap of space/time scales with other signals Let’s return to…

9. Magnetic field of ocean circulation: toroidal component (within ocean)

10. Magnetic field of ocean circulation: poloidal component (satellite altitude)

11. Magnetic detection of tsunami flow: Tyler, 2005: predicted that magnetic signals of tsunamis are appreciable and easy to relate to tsunami flow. Case of Sumatra Manoj et al. 2011: Magnetic signal of Chilean tsunami clearly seen at Easter Island Toh, et al. 2011 Utada et al., 2011 Hamano et al., 2011a, 2011b Larsen, 1970’s Klausner et al., 2012: newest, most sophisticated treatment using wavelet decomposition shows onset and properties of tsunami

12. Vivier et al, 2004: Observations of the oceanic magnetic field at satellite altitude would be easy to invert to monitor the Antarctic Circumpolar Transport

13. A crude but very simple inversion of M2 tide is obtained from magnetic signal at satellite altitude: RealImaginary Tide obtained from inversion of magnetic data  (the crude approximation used in this simple inversion is not valid near mag. equator nor coastline). Tide which is correct 

14. But there is “noise” The ocean flow magnetic signals are weak (though above detection and a substantial part of unmodeled residuals) There is substantial overlap of space/time scales with other signals

15. Many of the oceanic magnetic fields have space and time scales overlapping with other geomagnetic sources  Need to open a new dimension of classification in order to separate the oceanic components As examples, tides and tsunamis have been successfully separated because of their extreme positions along the dimension of statistical stationarity

16. If not for confounding “noise,” magnetic remote sensing should be the method of choice for remote sensing large-scale ocean flow The ocean flow generated magnetic fields pass unharmed through ice These magnetic fields represent natural integrals of flow (i.e. flow transport)  we “see” all the way to the sea floor The flow involved is in fact weighted by electrical conductivity, which is a function of temperature  The transport involved therefore represents heat transport, a primary climate variable (about half of the poleward heat transport is carried in the ocean) Studies indicate that the task of inversion (i.e. obtaining the flow transports from the magnetic signals) is easy The dynamic ocean is observationally under sampled (hopelessly so) by in situ methods The ocean is relatively opaque (compared to the atmosphere, say) to most remote sensing methods  we usually “see” only the surface Sometimes the surface is covered with ice Let’s return to the opening statement: Conclusion: Magnetic remote sensing of ocean flow is highly motivated, and the unique inversion of magnetic signals seems easy; the challenge is to devise sophisticated approaches for extracting/separating the oceanic components

17. Work in progress at GSFC to address this: Development of theoretical relationships and objective analyses of observations to illuminate the relationships and correlation structure between oceanographic and geomagnetic variables Development of similar relationships describing the expected correlation between the oceanic signals as seen in geomagnetic vs. other remote observations Assessment of the level and uniqueness of oceanographic information content in these magnetic signals Use of these relationships to devise long-term strategies for optimally extracting ocean/climate information from geomagnetic surveys Primary Focus is on extracting the oceanic information which is of most importance to the ocean/climate community (e.g. ocean heat transport, heat content, tidal mixing) Secondary focus is on reducing the unresolved “residuals” in Comprehensive Geomagnetic modeling As a specific example, a major new innovation occurring in the development of CM5 is the introduction of Q matrices describing induced electric currents in the realistic ocean. As a logical extension, it makes sense to extend this by including the motionally induced electric currents due to ocean flow as well