1. My relevant research Mapping innovations: – at potentially different levels of aggregation (e.g., journals, documents, etc.) – using different units of analysis (e.g., patents, publications) and – variables (e.g., title words, institutional addresses); For example, article and patent maps in both cognitive and geographic spaces

2. Challenging problems Standardization assumes categorization, while the boundaries are fuzzy (e.g., interdisciplinarity); innovation changes the boundaries; For example: using colours for disciplinary categories; from another perspective the border may have to be constructed differently.

3. Loet Leydesdorff (Ph.D. Sociology, M.A. Philosophy, and M.Sc. Biochemistry) is Professor at the Amsterdam School of Communications Research (ASCoR) of the University of Amsterdam. He is Visiting Professor of the Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (ISTIC) in Beijing and Honorary Professor of the Science and Technology Policy Research Unit (SPRU) of the University of Sussex.