1. Working group on augmentation of SOCCOM ICESOCC Thursday Sept 24 (Dunbar, Carranza, Gille, Lee, Manizza, Mazloff,Resplanely, Talley)

2. SOCCOM augmentation Augmenting SOCCOM Thinking beyond SOCCOM Leveraging SOCCOM Consider: – Field program – SOSE with biogeochemistry – SOCCOM climate modeling with carbon cycle and biogeochemistry and SOMIP

3. SOCCOM augmentation Augmenting SOCCOM (adding to funded SOCCOM) Thinking beyond SOCCOM: enhancing future float programs, state estimation, modeling Leveraging SOCCOM (process and regional experiments) Consider: – Field program – SOSE with biogeochemistry – SOCCOM climate modeling with carbon cycle and biogeochemistry and SOMIP

4. SOCCOM augmentation Some science framework/topics that came up in discussion What is NASA’s greatest interest? Relationship of in situ measurements to satellite observations? Which regions have the strongest controls on the carbon cycle? Why is carbon storage so high in the SW Atlantic? Glaciers melting fastest in Amundsen-Bellingshausen, possibly now eastern Ross – focus on this region; satellite observations poor Relation of meltwater to carbon – meltwater from continental ice is highly correlated with coastal productivity – not known if its iron or other nutrients, or something else. Very coastal polynyas – more action where continental shelf is wide Pacific is iron limited, not much action for carbon except coastally (importantly) Winter mixed layers have very different structure regionally – e.g. study region with very stratified spring conditions that are conducive to large, early blooms Strong regionality in blooms, both within coastal, sea-ice, and open water regimes Is Fe coming from dust deposition or sediments? (regional distinctions?) Coastal regions for AABW formation: – Look for regions where oxygen is high at 300 m – AABW and BGC cycle where sea ice forcing is high?

5. Augmenting SOCCOM Field program – SOCCOM floats provide rapid temporal sampling (5 to 10 days) with very sparse geographic sampling – Limitations of SOCCOM floats - estimates rather than direct measurements of: complete carbon cycle air-sea gas fluxes Upper ocean microphysics Upper ocean turbulence – SOCCOM itself is relatively set in scope and it will be difficult to add instruments to the floats. 6 total channels on the floats, 5 are already used, only 1 available. – Concerns on part of NSF program manager about adding instrumentation that reduces float lifetime and increases complexity of program – Deployment cruises of opportunity are very likely also useful for ICESOCC, or for additional programs, international collaborations, and or would be ICESOCC cruises.

6. Augmenting SOCCOM SOSE augmentation – All data are welcome, either as constraints, controls, or verification – SOSE is intended to provide a multi-year “mean” state, because of limitations due to years of sampling, rather than providing interannual/decadal information. – SOSE provides some information on air-sea transfer: currently demonstrated with heat fluxes, expectation that it will provide valuable information on gas fluxes – (Others should fill in dots on this part of discussion)

7. Augmenting SOCCOM SOCCOM modeling – Very little discussion, but ICESOCC might want to look at the GFDL coupled climate biogeochemical modeling (global), SOMIP – ICESOCC might want to consider

8. Thinking beyond SOCCOM Field program – instrumentation – SOCCOM instrumentations has limited ability to capture full carbon cycle and Cant. – Move as quickly towards other sensors in order to capture full carbon cycle as accurately as possible. DIC Alkalinity Sea ice properties – thickness, minerals – Alkalinity sensor – start with gliders – Moorings – there have been many, many successful moored experiments – Insonification. Would greatly benefit any under-ice programs that ICESOCC develops (e.g. gliders, powered gliders), and would be very useful to SOCCOM. Perhaps consider Ross/Amundsen/Bellingshausen insonification? – Process studies should always include study of the sea ice itself – its thickness, salinity, minerals, nutrients

9. Thinking beyond SOCCOM Field program – NASA interests - satellites Future NASA salinity mission: will it be possible to reduce error in cold water regions so that the satellite data become useful? Ice satellites are essential for Southern Ocean work – pretty obvious statement, someone should amplify what needs to be said about these missions.

10. Leveraging SOCCOM Field program – Vigorous discussion of how SOCCOM provides large-scale, coarse, circumpolar context that will be useful scaffolding for intensive regional process experiments, such as those that ICESOCC is envisioning. – SOCCOM measurements per se will not provide full carbon cycle directly, only indirectly – Discussion of regions that would be useful ICESOCC foci (continuation of discussions in other working groups on previous days) Practicalities – sea ice regions easily accessible to longer term NASA/US would be Ross Sea through Antarctic Peninsula Criteria for selection: – relevance to carbon uptake and transport, – contrasting regimes (i.e. more and less light limitation, more and less Fe fertilization, diatoms vs. dinoflagellates) – Regions that are climatically important – where sea ice is increasing and where it is decreasing. (Overall expect sea ice to decrease over many decades)

11. Leveraging SOCCOM Field program – Stressed necessity for 4-season process cruises from ice breakers to study all aspects of the system – Locations for process expts that were discussed in our hour Drake Passage, Ono Basin LTER/AMLR regions Ross Sea off shelf break (pCO2) (Dunbar, Ackley, Schofield) James Ross Islands area (gliders going in now) Regions outside sea-ice – F. Plateau (Malvinas/Brazil confluence) – Kerguelen – Hobart – McMurdo transit establish as long-term repeat section (mode water, rich eddy region)

12. Leveraging SOCCOM International collaborations – SOCCOM has a foreign collaborations committee with a foreign advisory committee, which originated from organization of the many – All of the countries and cruises that were listed here are on the SOCCOM list. – We can easily share this list (just sent to Greg this morning)

13. Beyond and leveraging SOCCOM SOOS under-ice workshop had many ideas about how to measure long-term under ice, with autonomous/moored instruments Our working group also wants to stress the importance of dedicated cruises throughout the seasons (but did not specify where – lots of ideas)