1. SD modeling process One drawback of using a computer to simulate systems is that the computer will always do exactly what you tell it to do. (Garbage in - Garbage out) To master systems dynamics, a one must acquire many skills: have a general idea of how the system should behave to test the accuracy of the computer simulation generate a valid model of the system to be analyzed enter the model correctly into the computer make the model clear so that others can understand its structure

2. How to build the model? Rewarding and challenging No set way to build a model Each model is different

3. How to build the model? Rough guidelines: 1. Define the purpose (goal / what you want do with the model) 2. Define the system you wish to model (boundaries / not everything) 3. Identify key variables in the system (what affects your system the most / carefully name your variables) 4. Describe the behavior of the key variables (how they behave in real life / not exact answer but some) 5. Identify the stocks and flows in your systems. 6. Map them in VENSIM 7. Define the flows (each flow must be defined only by the stocks and constants) 8. Include quantitative information (enter equations and data) 9. Run the model (test the behavior) 10. Evaluate the model (look at each relationship) 11. Improve the model

4. SD modeling process Common Mistakes: the solution DT too large a flow that should be bi-directional is one-way (stock can be + or -) a stock is incorrectly defined as non- negative incorrect flow direction incorrect equations

5. SD modeling process While modeling, you may find yourself consistently making the same mistakes, or misunderstanding certain concepts. Do not be discouraged (take notes of your mistakes) Very common mistakes: (a) Dimensional inconsistency (conversion coefficients) (b) Creating stocks that can not accumulate

6. Conceptualization 1st stage of the model building process is the hardest and called conceptualization. It involves: (1) definition of model purpose (2) definition of model boundaries and key variables (3) description of the behavior (4) graphing of basic mechanisms ( feedback loop ) Modeling Worksheet Problem Area: _________________________________________________________________ Purpose of Model: ______________________________________________________________ Model Audience:________________________________________________________________ Model Boundary initial component list:________________________________________________ (Mark each stock with S and each flow with F) Reference Modes: Assumptions on reference models: __________________________________________________ Hypothesis for the dynamics of the model behavior:_____________________________________ Any interaction which is essential to the behavior mode must be included inside the system boundary.

7. Use of Generic Structures We learned a number of generic structures: 1. First order positive feedback 2. First order negative feedback 3. S-shaped growth 4. Oscillating systems (higher order feedback) Fitting problems to generic structures may lead to incorrect models.

8. Use of Generic Structures Keep in mind that STOCKS IN A MODEL MUST REPRESENT ACCUMULATIONS within the system, and FLOWS REPRESENT CHANGES IN THE STOCKS. Remember that many structures can produce similar behaviors. Generic structures should not be used blindly without thinking about the structure of the specific system being modeled.

9. Sensitivity analysis Choice of specific values of some parameters in a model is very important in building a valid system dynamics model. Sensitivity analysis is a powerful tool in model building and evaluation. It is used to determine how ‘sensitive’ a model is to changes in the value of the parameter of the model and to changes in the structure of the model.