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Genes and How They Work Computer Filename: genes1.ppt

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Presentation on theme: "Genes and How They Work Computer Filename: genes1.ppt"— Presentation transcript:

1 Genes and How They Work Computer Filename: genes1.ppt
Developed by Hugh B. Fackrell

2 Overview Genes are composed of DNA within the chromosome
Genes code for proteins DNA is transcripted into RNA RNA is translated into protein by ribosomes Genes regulated by control of RNA production

3 Lecture Outline Genes and How They Work Genetic Code
Gene Expression transcription translation Protein Synthesis Gene Regulation Gene Architecture

4 Concepts from OAC Structure & Function of DNA & RNA Genetic code
Transcription & translation Protein synthesis Gene Regulation: operators, promotors , repressors

5 Background Terms & Concepts
Structure of DNA & RNA Ribosomes Enzymes Structure of Eukaryotic chromosomes

6 The Genetic Code Genetic information is stored in DNA sequences found in Chromosomes Mitochondria: 16 KB, 13 genes Chloroplasts: KB, 120 genes

7 Structure of the Genetic Code
DNA : sequences of four nucleotides A,T,G,C CODONS : blueprint for the polypeptide Start & Stop Signals: Where to read the blueprint Regulatory Sequences: When to read the blueprint promotors operators enhancers

8 CODONS sequences of three adjacent nucleotides that code for one amino acid or polypeptide termination 64 codons encrypt of ~ 20 amino acids degenerate RNA: ACU, ACC,ACA, ACG threonine degenerate DNA: TGA, TGG,TGT, TGC threonine

9 Start Codon RNA: AUG DNA: TAC also codes for methionine

10 Stop Codon Nonsense Codons RNA: UAA,UAG,UGA DNA: ATT, ATC, ACT

11 Alternate Genetic Codes
Sequence Chromosome Mitochondrion TGA Stop Trypt ATA Isoleucine Methionine AGA Arginine Stop AGG Arginine Stop

12 Interpreting the Genetic Code
Two step process : Transcription DNA --> RNA Translation RNA--> protein

13 RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA Messenger RNA

14 Ribosomal RNA called rRNA found in Ribosomes probably catalytic site
provides site for protein assembly ribosomal structure different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

15 Prokaryotic Ribosomal RNA
large subunit 5s(120), 23s (2900) Small subunit 16s (1540)

16 Eukaryotic Ribosomal RNA
Large subunit 5s(120) 28s (4700) 5.8s (160) Small subunit 18s(1900) Ribosomal RNA 18 S 5.8 S 28 S Transcribed Spacer RNA

17 Ribosomal RNA

18 Transfer RNA called tRNA Smaller than mRNA or rRNA found in cytoplasm
40 different kinds of tRNA transports amino acids to ribosome positions amino acids on elongating polypeptide

19 tRNA

20 Messenger RNA called mRNA long single strand of RNA
copy of the DNA to be decoded transfers information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for decoding

21 Transcription Production of an RNA copy of the gene
occurs in nucleus of eukaryotes cytoplasm of prokaryotes DNA unravels- single strand RNA Polymerase binds to Promotor site Reads from start sequence(TAC) assembles complementary single strand of RNA (primary RNA) Disengages when reaches stop codon

22 RNA being read from DNA

23 Prokaryotic Transcription and Translation

24 Antibody Structure

25 Eukaryotic Transcription & Translation

26 Intron Splicing Regulated at DNA level by restriction endonucleases
Regulated at RNA level by SPLICEOSOMES GU....AG sequences thalassemia syndromes

27 Splicing of DNA

28 Gene Rearrangement & Processing

29 mRNA Splicing

30 DNA Loops

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