1. Navigation NAU 102 Lesson 9

2. Navigation Aids Beacons Manmade objects intended to help fix the vessel’s position and avoid hazards. Buoys Lights Ranges Fog Signals

3. Pharos Lighthouse Alexandria, Egypt 1 st century A.D. Masonry construction Height (est.) 377-492 ft. Visible range: 35 miles Used fires & reflective mirrors

4. Navigation Aids Some private aids maintained by: U.S. Coast Guard operates and maintains U.S. navaids. State governments Other federal agencies Individuals/Companies

5. Buoys Mark channels Floating navaids Anchored to the bottom Indicate shoals & obstructions Warn of dangers

6. Buoys Convey information by: ShapeColor Letters or Numbers Audible Signal Light Topmark

7. Buoys Reflective tape Common equipment: Radar reflectors Sound signals Bells & Gongs Whistles & Horns

8. Buoys Cardinal marks Types of Buoys Lateral marks Special marks Safe water marks Isolated danger marks

9. Lateral Marks Sides of channels Navaids mark: Channel junctionsChannel bifurcations

10. Cardinal Marks Indicate direction of navigable water. Show cardinal directions (N, S, E, W) of safe water E.g. Always pass to the North of a North Cardinal Mark Note: cardinal marks are not used in U.S. waters

11. Safe Water Marks Indicate an area of safe (navigable) waters. E.g. Mid-channel & fairway buoys

12. Isolated Danger Marks Navaids mark points of danger. E.g. Submerged wreck

13. Special Marks Traffic separation schemes Navaids mark special features of interest: Anchorages Recreational zones Etc.

14. Lateral Systems Historically there have been many buoyage systems in the world. 1970s - International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) simplified the system

15. IALA Buoyage Systems Two major international systems: IALA - B IALA - A Europe Africa Most of Asia Australia New Zealand North America South America Japan Philippines South Korea

16. IALA Buoyage Systems

17. Direction Conventions Based on entering from seaward. E.g. The right (or starboard) side of a channel is to starboard of vessel entering from sea. E.g. The right side is to port of a vessel heading towards the sea.

18. Direction Conventions Many places “entering from seaward” is not clear. E.g. Along coasts and Intracoastal waterways. Clockwise direction around U.S. is treated as entering.

19. Direction Conventions

20. Lateral Colors Red to starboard IALA - B Green to port “Red-Right-Returning” Red buoys and green buoys mark the sides of channels

21. Lateral Colors IALA - A is opposite.

22. Lateral Colors Horizontal Red & Green Bands Mark junctions & bifurcations Top color indicates preferred channel.

23. Lateral Colors

24. Cardinal Colors Horizontal Black & Yellow Bands

25. Safe Water Colors Red & White Vertical Stripes

26. Isolated Danger Colors Black & Red Horizontal Bands

27. Special Marks Color Solid Yellow

28. Buoy Shapes 5 Basic Shapes Can Cone (Nun) Sphere Pillar Spar

29. CAN BUOYS Shaped like a tin can Cylindrical shape or appear cylindrical Flat top when seen from a distance

30. Buoy Shapes Can Mark port side of channels Mark channel junctions – preferred channel to starboard

31. Buoy Shapes Can

32. Buoy Shapes Conical / Nun Mark starboard side of channels Mark channel junctions – preferred channel to port

33. Buoy Shapes Conical / Nun

34. Buoy Shapes Spherical (Globe shape) Only used for Safe Water Marks Always have red and white vertical stripes

35. PILLAR BUOY Sometimes referred to as a “Lighted Buoy” or a “Whistle Buoy” Lights used to make them visible at night; use batteries and/or solar receptors Have a short tower often skeletal in construction mounted on a visible float that may have a light, gong, whistle or other accessory

36. Buoy Shapes Pillar Any type of buoy Often lighted Tall, central structure on broad base. Color & topmark indicate type

37. Buoy Shapes Pillar

38. Buoy Shapes Spar Any type of buoy Often lighted Usually not floating, driven into bottom. Thin cylinder/pole

39. Buoy Shapes Isolated danger marks and special marks may be any shape. Pillar or spar are preferred.

40. BELL BUOY Has a bell with several clappers (usually four) externally hung Clappers will strike the bell as it rocks with the motion of the sea CAUTION: Bell may not ring in calm seas

41. GONG BUOY Similar in construction to a Bell Buoy Has several gongs mounted in a vertical stack, each sounding a different note

42. WHISTLE BUOY Similar in construction to a Bell or Gong Buoy Has a low-pitched whistle signal that is activated by the rise and fall of the buoy in a seaway; may not sound in calm waters Sometimes produces a moaning sound

43. HORN BUOY Similar to a Whistle Buoy except that its sound signal is electrically powered by batteries in the lower part of the buoy Usually produces a higher note that a Whistle Buoy with a more regular sound pattern

44. Topmarks Shapes attached to pillars and spars. Indicate type of mark. Square = port side Cone = starboard side Lateral Marks

45. Topmarks Isolated Danger 2 Spheres, one above the other

46. Topmarks Safe Water 1 Sphere

47. Topmarks Special Purpose – Yellow X

48. Topmarks Double Cones = Cardinal Marks NorthSouth EastWest

49. Topmarks North points up. South points down. West looks like a Wine glass. The points point to the black stripe(s).

50. Introduction to Navigation Questions?