1. RICE UNIVERSITY DSPs for future wireless systems Sridhar Rajagopal

2. RICE UNIVERSITY Motivation Wireless Mobile device Baseband Programmable Communications Processor RF Unit A/D D/A Add-on PCMCIA Network Interface Card Higher Layers Mobile: Switch between standards and between parameters Base-station: varying number of users with different parameters

3. RICE UNIVERSITY The problem GPP DSP FPGA VLSI Performance Power Flexibility

4. RICE UNIVERSITY An approach for the solution  Algorithms well understood at VLSI level  Can design real-time systems.  Pushing it higher in the chain  Current DSPs not powerful enough for our application  Using the IMAGINE simulator to see what kind of architecture features would be useful in a future DSP for such applications.

5. RICE UNIVERSITY History of my work Algorithms DSP VLSI FPGA IMAGINE Multiuser channel estimation Multiuser detection Task-partitioning Parallelism Pipelining Conventional arithmetic On-line arithmetic Instruction set extensions Co-processor support Functional unit design and usage Distant Past Recent Past Recent and Near Future

6. RICE UNIVERSITY Contents  Programmable architecture design using the IMAGINE simulator  Multiuser estimation and detection implementation  Performance comparisons and results  Other extensions for possible integration  Conclusions

7. RICE UNIVERSITY The IMAGINE architecture and simulator  IMAGINE is a media signal processor

8. RICE UNIVERSITY Why the IMAGINE simulator?  Great for media processing algorithms  Has a VLIW-based cluster -- DSP comparisons  A good base architecture : 1024-pt FFT  RSIM, SimpleScalar…: more general purpose architecture simulators

9. RICE UNIVERSITY What does the simulator give us?  Execution time for the different parts of the code  Functional unit utilization  Insights into the bottlenecks  Flexibility to add and remove functional units already present or design your own  Graphical view of the schedule on the functional units

10. RICE UNIVERSITY Down-side  2 level C++ programming  StreamC: transfers streams of data between main memory and stream register file (SRF)  KernelC: transfers streams from the SRF to the ALU clusters  Code optimized to the number of ALU clusters and the size of the data  Compiler may fail register allocation if too many variables or functional units modified

11. RICE UNIVERSITY Contents  Programmable architecture design using the IMAGINE simulator  Multiuser estimation and detection implementation  Performance comparisons and results  Other extensions for possible integration  Conclusions

12. RICE UNIVERSITY Typical workload representation (Base-station)  Equalization  FFT  Viterbi decoding  Channel estimation  Multiuser detection  Viterbi/Turbo decoding  Multiple antennas  Long spreading codes  Space-Time codes Wireless LAN W-CDMA If you felt that life was too easy

13. RICE UNIVERSITY Estimation/Detection (64,32 sizes) Multiuser Estimation Kernel 1,2,3 Multiuser Detection Kernel 6, 7 Massaging matrices for detection Kernel 4, 5

14. RICE UNIVERSITY Kernels  1. Update: Update Rbb, Rbr  2. Mmult : multiply Rbb * A  3. Iterate: gradient descent  4. MmultL: Calculate L  5. MmultC: Calculate C  6. Mf: Matched Filter  7. Pic: 1 Parallel Interference Cancellation Stage

15. RICE UNIVERSITY Kernel 2 (mmult) for 3 +,2* Divider not being utilized Adders have limited FU utilization O(N 3 ) *, O(N 3 ) + Multipliers 100% in loop Replace / with *

16. RICE UNIVERSITY Kernel 2 (mmult)for 3 +,3* better adder utilization needs sufficient registers for scaling [register allocation may fail] code may also need slight tuning of variables for optimization

17. RICE UNIVERSITY Contents  Programmable architecture design using the IMAGINE simulator  Multiuser estimation and detection implementation  Performance comparisons and results  Other extensions for possible integration  Conclusions

18. RICE UNIVERSITY FU utilization on each cluster Time for detection at 128 Kbps for each of 32 users at 500 MHz : 4000 cycles

19. RICE UNIVERSITY Comparisons with DSPs 05101520253035 10 -6 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 Execution time (in seconds) Users Single DSP implementation 2 DSP implementation Target data rate - 128 Kbps/user Our architecture based on Imagine X x

20. RICE UNIVERSITY Current work  Evaluating performance of wireless communication algorithms such as estimation, detection and decoding on this architecture  Studying bottlenecks, functional unit design needed to attain real-time  The insights gained from the design can also be applied to other processors such as DSPs.