1. Session 4.1 Identifying key intervention points Summarising the discussion in previous sessions The main objective of our discussion The seed system Dysfunctional seed systems Identified problems Learning from crop seed systems Sub-sector analysis and follow-up Actors and roles and leveraged interventions

2. The main objective of our discussion

3. Reputable local seed distributors and dealers are required to provide local knowledge, distribution in the region –Released public varieties not available –Farmers unaware of new varieties –Very few seed companies –Inadequate distribution networks –Uncoordinated seed development efforts Policy makers and other seed participants need to accept the development of independent seed delivery through commercial entities Create incentives for innovation Policies are needed to promote the further development of seed companies Crop seed system issues for smallholders Constraints CROP SEED (Richard Jones, ICRISAT)

4. Seed delivery is the domain of commercial companies not public sector Collaboration between public and private sectors Enabling regulatory environment Availability of support services - “SEEDS” Relief interventions/subsidies through market channels Solutions CROP SEED (Richard Jones, ICRISAT) Crop seed system issues for smallholders

5. Actors Research organisations NGOs NTSCs Small seed dealers\ enterprises Institutional environment Rules and regulations for seed/ seedling production and distribution Other laws for: land tenure, business, credit possibilities Pathways for information exchange between actors Extension, networks... Formal sector Public and private organisations with specialised roles and legal recognition Informal sector Individual farm households, small-scale nursery owners, seed vendors with no clear policy support and NGOs organising seed production Learning from the crop seed sector - Analyzing the sector The smallholder tree seed system – Formal sector limitations Formal support to make the informal sector efficient

6. The main objective of our discussion

7. A well functioning seed system requires How to make business Efficient input supply chains Information must flow within the chain and to customers Trust in the market Species availability and technical advise Information Seed/seedling Procurement Seed/seedling Distribution Seed/vegetative Sources Seed-Seedlings Information Learning from the crop seed sector

8. NTSC National Tree Seed Centres NARS National Agricultural Research Systems NGO Non Governmental Organisations FD Forest Departments LG Local Governments CBO Community Based Organisations SD Seed Dealers F Farmers Major Actors in Tree Seed Supply Systems

9. 5 types of seed sources. Different with respect to Evaluation of quality Most efficient way to procure (and distribute) Seed sources are particular for seed systems

10. Different ways of organising the seed supply chain Enterprise chains are not actively supported by Government Seed Supply Model Example of operational Seed Supply Systems 1CCCCentralised government/large NGO modelNTSCs, NARS, NGOs 2CCDNot applicable. 3CDDCentralised seed sources, decentralised enterprise model CBOs and SDs using NTSC’s sources 4CDCContract worker modelCBO/F collect for NTSC 5DDDDecentralised seed sources, decentralised enterprise model CBOs,SDs, Fs 6DDCOut-grower model, procurement done by producer NTSCs, NARS, NGOs buying from CBO/F 7DCCOut-grower model, procurement done by distributor NTSCs, NARS, NGOs coll./sell from CBO/F sources 8DCDNot applicable.

11. Conclusions from partial seed sector analyses Genetic quality of germplasm is generally not considered Almost all NGOs and projects distribute seed for free to farmers (some fruit tree seedlings are sold at a subsidised price) Species selection is almost exclusively based on availability of seed and seedlings There is no strategy or support to set-up independent structures to deliver tree seed and seedlings With respect to documentation of origin formal sources are not generally of higher quality relative to informal sources Protection and maintenance are major constraints for long term survival of formal sources It is likely that protection and maintenance of informal sources in the long term will require that they can provide income for producers and distributors of seed. Current tree seed systems are inadequate for supporting smallholders’ entry into commercial agriculture based on tree crops

12. Subsector reviews The objective of a sub-sector assessment is to analyse all of the participants, their linkages, and influential factors in the agribusiness system in order to identify constraints and opportunities for growth The following question should be answered: Which opportunities offer the best chance of reaching the largest number of participants within the sub-sector? Actors’ roles and leveraged interventions One of the most important criteria for efficient intervention is the presence of a division of labour between public and private actors, including the roles of NGOs (whose activities often substitute for government services). Relevant government agencies should actively support a process of change towards finding new roles for tree seed sector actors