1. Digestion: Process of breaking down food molecules so nutrients can be absorbed

2. Mechanical Digestion: *teeth  chewing breaks ↓ food into smaller pieces (prepares for chemical digestion by ↑ing SA for enzymes to work in chemical digestion) *churning of stomach (sm muscles)

3. Chemical Digestion: Enzymes further break ↓ food particles so nutrients can be absorbed

4. 4 Layers of Digestive Tract

6. *Frenulum: attaches tongue to floor of mouth

10. Epiglottis: closes off trachea and bolus passed into esophagus (behind trachea) when you swallow

12. Salivary Glands: In mouth start chemical digestion of carbs

14. Pharynx (throat)

15. Esophagus and Cardiac Sphincter cardiac sphincter

16. Stomach * *

20. Small Intestine: ABSORPTION of nutrients Duodenum 1 st part of sm intestine is where most digestion takes place Rest of sm intestine  absorption

21. Villi/Microvilli Of Sm Intestine ↑ SA for absorption of nutrients

24. Liver and Gall Bladder

29. Lg Intestine: Fx Absorption of H 2 O

33. jejunum

34. Peritoneum: Serous moist membrane lines abdominal cavity & covers organs (remember Epi membranes  serous, cutaneous, mucous connective tissue membranes  synovial no Epi component Shiny surface of the organs is the visceral peritoneum; shiny lining the abdominal wall is the parietal peritoneum

35. Mesentary: Extension of Parietal Peritoneum Anchors Sm Intestine to abdominal wall

36. Greater Omentum: Extension of parietal peritoneum Envelopes inflamed appendix CAT M E O W

37. Digestion of Carbs: major source of energy Starts in mouth w/salivary amylase Sm Intestine: pancreatic & intestinal juices digest starch & sugars ____________ase (enzyme for what it works on) Amylase  breaks ↓starch & sugars Maltase  breaks ↓maltose (gal + gal) Sucrase  breaks ↓ sucrose (glu + fru) Lactase  breaks ↓ lactose (glu + gal) * Starches  polysaccharides  disaccharides  monosaccharides

38. Carbs: preferred energy food Glycolysis: glucose metabolism (catabolic) CR: w/ O 2 = lots of ATP Glycogenolysis: glu  glycogen for storage (an anabolic) Pancreas: Alpha Cells  glucagon hormone glycogen  glucose ↑’s BS Beta Cells  insulin hormone carries glucose across CM ↓BS Antagonists Hypoglycemia: low BS vs Hyperglycemia: high BS Diabetics metabolize fats vs glucose  byproduct ketones  Ketoacidosis  affects blood pH  diabetic coma

39. Proteins: Growth & development, repair, enzymes (catalysts) Can be broken ↓ for energy Starts in stomach Enzymes Renin & Pepsin in gastric juice Sm Intestine: Trypsin in pancreatic juice Pepsidase in intestinal juice

40. Fats: store energy (2x more than carbs) impt in cm’s Saturated, Unsaturated, Polyunsaturated No C=C 1 C=C >1 C=C bond Animals Plants Solid @ RT Liquid @ RT Gastric lipase in gastric juice digests some fat in stomach Most fat undigested until of sm Intestine Bile salts (aid enzyme Fx) made in liver stored in gall bladder, released into duodenum to emulsify fats (mechanical) Pancreatic enzymes splits fats into glycerol & 3 fa’s

41. Food Undergoes: Digestion, Absorption (↑ SA) Metabolism *Metabolism = anabolic + catabolic Rx’s (dehy synth & hydro) H 2 O = most of body wt (blood plasma >90% H 2 O Minerals: Inorganic & req’d by body (to make Hgb, DNA, RNA, ATP) Ca: teeth, bones, nerve, muscle fx Vitamins: Help enzymes fx K & some B complex made in liver D made in skin (w/ sunlight) A, D, E, K, fat soluble & stored in fatty tissue C & B H 2 O soluble, need daily